Objective Traditional spectacle design primarily addresses low-order aberrations, such as defocus and astigmatism, while often failing to effectively correct higher-order aberrations (HOAs), such as coma, spherical aberration, and trefoil. These HOAs can result in reduced contrast sensitivity and impaired night vision. Existing spectacle designs intended to correct HOAs generally overlook several critical factors, including image quality under large pupil conditions, full-field visual demands arising from eye rotation, lens processability, and wear comfort. Furthermore, these designs are typically not validated through practical wear trials to assess their ability to effectively correct HOAs. To address these challenges, the present study proposes a personalized full-field spectacle design method specifically aimed at correcting HOAs. This method is optimized for large pupil conditions, incorporates actual eye rotation, and ensures lens processability and wear comfort by controlling variations in the lens’s sagittal height and refractive power. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed design method is validated through both objective experimental trials and subjective visual assessments.
Methods First, under the condition of a large pupil with a diameter of 5-5.5 mm, the eye model is personalized to match the measured physiological data and wave front aberrations of target eyes (Fig.1). Based on the personalized eye models, multiple structural configurations are created (Fig.5), and the lens surface is optimized across various rotational angles while controlling the variations in the lens’s sagittal height and refractive power (Fig.2). The final result is a full-field lens design that corrects HOAs under large pupil conditions, while also considering processability and wear comfort. The design outcomes are evaluated using MTF curves (Fig.3, Fig.4, Fig.6 and Fig.7) and the RMS values of HOAs (Tab.3 and Tab.5). The effectiveness of the HOAs correction is validated by measuring the wavefront aberration of the designed lenses while wearing them and comparing the results with uncorrected eye data (Fig.9 and Fig.10). Furthermore, subjective visual assessments are conducted to compare the designed lens with spherical spectacle and aspherical spectacle made from the same material and with the same refractive power. These assessments focus on visual acuity, glare sensitivity, and contrast sensitivity (Tab.7), further validating the proposed design method.
Results and Discussions The spectacle design method based on a personalized eye model proposed in this study effectively corrects HOAs of the human eye and enhances night vision. By optimizing the lens across multiple rotational angles, the method ensures that full-field visual performance requirements are met while also considering the lens’s processability and wear comfort. The designed myopia spectacle and hyperopia spectacle showed a 36.04% and 29.81% reduction in RMS values for HOAs between Z7-Z17 and Z22 (Tab.5). Imaging quality improved across both low and high-frequency ranges, with significant improvements observed in the mid and high-frequency ranges after further correction of HOAs. For the myopia spectacle, at a spatial frequency of 80 lp/mm, the average MTF values of the eye-lens system at different rotational angles (–20°, –10°, 0°, 10°, 20°) were increased by 42.27%, 41.72%, 60.86%, 51.56% and 69.07%, respectively, compared to the correction of only low-order aberrations (Fig.6); for the hyperopia spectacle, at a spatial frequency of 50 lp/mm, the MTF values were increased by 28.00%, 43.10%, 13.95%, 43.10% and 20.00%, respectively (Fig.7). The results from the objective lens-wearing tests showed that, compared to the uncorrected eye data, the total HOAs were reduced by 23.33% (Fig.9) and 20.45% (Fig.10) after wearing the myopia spectacle and hyperopia spectacle, respectively. Compared to traditional spherical and aspherical lenses, the designed lenses are not affected by glare, with glare sensitivity showing the same results as visual acuity tests under normal lighting, and they can significantly improve contrast sensitivity in the high-frequency range (Tab.7).
Conclusions The full-field spectacle design method based on a personalized eye model proposed in this study can effectively correct HOAs and improve night vision. By optimizing the lens across multiple rotational angles, it ensures that full-field visual performance requirements are met, while also considering the lens’s processability and wear comfort. The effectiveness of this design method in correcting HOAs was verified through objective lens-wearing tests and subjective visual assessments. The results above demonstrate that the design method proposed in this study can effectively correct HOAs and improve the visual symptoms associated with HOAs. This study provides a complete set of methods from design to application for the personalized correction of human eye HOAs. Regarding the discrepancies between the design data and the test data, further optimization of experimental methods or design strategies will be required in the future. Additionally, issues such as whether all HOAs need to be corrected, and how to determine the most appropriate types and amounts of HOAs for correction, still need to be further verified through corresponding lens designs and actual lens-wearing experiments.
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