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探月工程已经实施了五次任务,“嫦娥五号”任务和首次火星探测任务也即将实施发射。在这些任务搭载的全部48台科学探测载荷中,光学载荷占据一半以上。在探测器平台、运载火箭、测控、地面应用等其他系统中,光学技术也得到了广泛的应用。
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探月工程和首次火星探测工程一共搭载了29台光学载荷[5],工作波段范围覆盖了从γ射线到红外波段,主要包括两大类-形貌勘察类载荷和物质成分调查类载荷,见表1~3。截至2019年3月,已经发射实施的“嫦娥一号、二号、三号、四号”四次任务搭载的光学载荷共获取了超过5 500 GB的2级数据,占所有载荷数据量的97%。
表 1 探月工程和中国首次火星探测工程光学载荷
Table 1. Optical payloads of CLEP and China's first Mars exploration project
Mission Payload Chang'e-1 CCD stereo camera, interferometer imaging spectrometer, laser altimete, r, altimeter, γ-ray spectrometer, X-ray spectrometer Chang'e-2 TDI CCD stereo camera, laser altimeter, γ-ray spectrometer, X-ray spectrometer Chang'e-3 Lander:landing camera, topography camera, moon-based extreme ultraviolet camera, Moon-based ultraviolet telescope Rover:panoramic cameras, VNIS, APXS Chang'e-4 Lander:landing camera, topography camera Rover:panoramic cameras,VNIS Chang'e-5 Lander:landing camera, panoramic cameras, lunar mineral spectrometer First Mars exploration mission Orbiter:Medium-resolution camera, high-resolution camera, mars mineral spectrometer Rover:Topography camera(Navigation camera), multispectral camera, Mars surface composition detector 表 2 探月工程光学载荷与科学目标
Table 2. Optical payloads and scientific objectives of CLEP
Scientific objective Optical payload Wavelength Exploration of geological condition Chang'e-1 CCD stereo camera, Chang'e-2 TDI CCD stereo camera, Chang'e-3/4/5 panoramic cameras, Chang'ecameras, Chang'e-3/4 topography cameras4 topography cameras Visible Chang'e-1/2 laser altimeters Infrared Exploration of lunar surface minerals type and composition Chang'e-1 interferometer imaging spectrometer Visible Chang'e-1/2 γ/X-ray spectrometers, Chang'e-3 APXS γ/X-ray Chang'e-3/4 VNIS, Chang'e-5 lunar mineral spectrometer Visible & infrared Exploration of earth plasmasphere Chang'e-3 moon-based extreme ultraviolet camera Ultraviolet Moon-based astronomical observation Chang'e-3 moon-based ultraviolet telescope 表 3 中国首次火星探测工程光学载荷与科学目标
Table 3. Optical payloads and scientific objectives of China's first Mars exploration project
Scientific objective Optical payload Wavelengths Exploration of geological condition Medium-resolution camera, high-resolution camera, topography camera Visible Exploration of soil type distribution and structure Mars mineral spectrometer Visible, near-infrared & mid-infrared Exploration of surface elements,minerals and rock type Multispectral camera Visible & near-infrared Mars surface composition detector ultraviolet, visible & near-infrared -
形貌勘察类载荷主要包括各种分辨率、安装位置不同的相机,通过敏感器接受星球表面反射的可见光信息,获取星球表面影像和形貌特征。包括“嫦娥一号”卫星搭载的三线阵CCD立体相机,“嫦娥二号”卫星搭载的TDI CCD立体相机,“嫦娥三号、四号”着陆器和巡视器搭载的降落相机、地形地貌相机、全景相机,“嫦娥五号”着陆器搭载的降落相机、全景相机,火星环绕器和火星车搭载的中分辨率相机、高分辨率相机、地形相机。这些相机的成像和设计用途各异。利用嫦娥一号相机数据,获得了120 m分辨率的全月三维影像图;利用“嫦娥二号”相机数据,获得了7 m分辨率的全月三维影像图以及虹湾区域优于1.5 m分辨率的局部影像。这两幅全月图在当时均为世界上分辨率最高的全月图。利用“嫦娥三号”和“四号”相机数据,获得了月球正面、背面着陆巡视区的大量清晰图像,为形貌研究和公众展示提供了丰富资料。
“嫦娥一号”和“二号”卫星搭载的激光高度计也属于形貌探测类载荷,利用激光测距原理,来获取月球表面地形的高程信息。利用激光高度计的探测数据,结合卫星轨道、姿态、仪器几何参数及精密星历,获得了全月DEM图。
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月球表面多数元素会与宇宙射线相互作用产生γ射线,还有的元素本身具有天然放射性,也会发出γ射线,不同元素所产生的伽马射线具有不同的特征能谱。类似地,月岩或月壤中的某些元素在太阳X射线或者主动激发源的激发下,会产生具有特定能谱的X射线。通过探测这些γ和X射线,能够确定元素的种类和丰度信息。“嫦娥一号”和“二号”卫星上搭载的γ/X射线谱仪、“嫦娥三号”巡视器上搭载的粒子激发X射线谱仪都是基于这种原理而研制的科学探测载荷,用于调查月球表面所含元素及丰度。利用γ/X射线谱仪获取的数据,完成了月表U、K、Th、Mg、Al、Si等元素的全球分布图。利用粒子激发X射线谱仪的探测数据,实现了对巡视区域7种主量元素(镁、铝、硅、钙、钛、铁和钾)和4种微量或痕量元素(铬、锶、钇、锆)的高分辨测量。经反演分析和研究,发现“嫦娥三号”着陆区岩石有可能是一种全新的月海玄武岩,由附近的“紫微”撞击坑溅射而出[6]。
还有一类载荷,通过探测星球表面矿物和岩石反射的可见光到近红外波段的精确光谱信息,来获取物质组成和分布信息。包括“嫦娥三号”和“四号”巡视器搭载的红外成像光谱仪、“嫦娥五号”着陆器搭载的月球矿物光谱分析仪,以及火星环绕器搭载的火星矿物光谱探测仪。利用“嫦娥三号”红外成像光谱仪的探测数据,与巡视器上其他载荷(红外光谱仪、全景相机、测月雷达)观测数据进行综合分析,国际上首次揭示了月球雨海区独特的火山演化历史[7]。“嫦娥四号”红外成像光谱仪的探测数据证明了“嫦娥四号”落区月壤中存在以橄榄石和低钙辉石为主的月球深部物质[8]。
“嫦娥一号”卫星搭载的干涉成像光谱仪采用Sagnac型横向剪切空间调制干涉成像方式,把照相机的功能与光谱仪的功能合二为一,来获取月球表面的二维光谱序列图,结合γ/X射线谱仪的探测数据,分析月球表面矿物类型和分布。
我国首次火星探测任务火星车上搭载了一台多光谱相机和一台火星表面成分探测仪,均用于研究火星表面物质组成。多光谱相机通过运用多种滤光片、分光器、感光元件,使相机能同时接收到同一目标在不同窄带波长下所辐射或者反射的信息,得到火星表面目标的不同光谱带的照片。火星表面成分探测仪采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术,使探测目标被强脉冲激光高温烧蚀并气化产生等离子体,通过收集、检测等离子体发射光谱,来分析目标的元素成分。
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“嫦娥三号”着陆器搭载的极紫外相机利用月球稳定、真空的环境,对地球周围的等离子层产生的30.4 nm辐射进行长期成像探测。它在国际上首次实施月面定点、大视场对地球等离子体层的极紫外观测;首次发现地球等离子体层边界在磁层亚暴的影响下发生凸起;确认地球等离子体层的尺度与地磁活动强度反相关,进而认为等离子体层的空间结构受地球磁场和电场的约束和控制[9]。
“嫦娥三号”着陆器搭载的月基光学望远镜充分利用月球没有大气干扰和自转缓慢的优势,在近紫外波段对预选天体的光变进行长期连续监测,并开展选区巡天观测。它在国际上首次实现了月基近紫外巡天观测;提出月球外逸层中的羟基(水)密度的上限,是迄今为止这一领域最好结果;在变星研究上发现一系列新的天文现象等[10]。
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除了用于科学探测载荷外,光学技术也广泛应用于探测器(卫星)平台、运载火箭、测控与回收、地面应用等系统,见表4。
表 4 工程技术方面应用的主要光学设备
Table 4. Part of optical equipment for engineering applications
System Function Equipment Probe/Satellite Astronomical navigation Chang'e-1/2 mid-precision star sensors, Chang'e-1/2 ultraviolet lunar sensors, Chang'e-3/4 APS star sensors Landing navigation Laser 3D imaging sensor coarse hazard-avoiding camera Roving navigation Navigation cameras hazard cameras laser dot-matrix generatorlaser Rendezvous & docking Laser radar optical R&D imaging sensor Motion monitoring Monitoring cameras Rocket Navigation Laser gyroscope LIMU Separation monitoring Monitoring cameras TT&C and recovery Aiming, tracking & measurement Photoelectric theodolite Laser communication Optical telescope Ground application Lunar sample analysis Electron microscope polarization microscope CT scanner
Applications of optical technology in lunar and deep space exploration in China(Invited)
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摘要: 光学技术在中国探月工程与首次火星探测工程应用显著:一半以上的科学载荷属于光学遥感载荷;在自主导航、测控、监视、交会对接等工程实施上也应用广泛。文中简要回顾了中国探月工程已实施的历次任务、正在实施的探月工程三期和首次火星探测工程,以及光学技术应用取得的主要成果,介绍了中国未来对月球、火星、木星和小行星等探测任务的规划,分析了光学技术在未来月球与深空探测中的发展趋势和潜在应用领域。Abstract: Optical technology is widely applied in the China Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP) and the first China Martian exploration project: More than half of the scientific payloads were optical remote-sensing payload, and it was also widely used in the engineering areas including autonomous navigation, TT&C, monitoring, rendezvous and docking. In this paper, accomplished CLEP missions, on-going Chinese lunar and Martian projects and especially main achievements of optical technology applications were overviewed. Roadmap on China's future lunar, mars, jupiter and asteroids exploration was introduced. Development trends and prospects of optical technology in lunar and deep space exploration were analyzed and proposed.
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表 1 探月工程和中国首次火星探测工程光学载荷
Table 1. Optical payloads of CLEP and China's first Mars exploration project
Mission Payload Chang'e-1 CCD stereo camera, interferometer imaging spectrometer, laser altimete, r, altimeter, γ-ray spectrometer, X-ray spectrometer Chang'e-2 TDI CCD stereo camera, laser altimeter, γ-ray spectrometer, X-ray spectrometer Chang'e-3 Lander:landing camera, topography camera, moon-based extreme ultraviolet camera, Moon-based ultraviolet telescope Rover:panoramic cameras, VNIS, APXS Chang'e-4 Lander:landing camera, topography camera Rover:panoramic cameras,VNIS Chang'e-5 Lander:landing camera, panoramic cameras, lunar mineral spectrometer First Mars exploration mission Orbiter:Medium-resolution camera, high-resolution camera, mars mineral spectrometer Rover:Topography camera(Navigation camera), multispectral camera, Mars surface composition detector 表 2 探月工程光学载荷与科学目标
Table 2. Optical payloads and scientific objectives of CLEP
Scientific objective Optical payload Wavelength Exploration of geological condition Chang'e-1 CCD stereo camera, Chang'e-2 TDI CCD stereo camera, Chang'e-3/4/5 panoramic cameras, Chang'ecameras, Chang'e-3/4 topography cameras4 topography cameras Visible Chang'e-1/2 laser altimeters Infrared Exploration of lunar surface minerals type and composition Chang'e-1 interferometer imaging spectrometer Visible Chang'e-1/2 γ/X-ray spectrometers, Chang'e-3 APXS γ/X-ray Chang'e-3/4 VNIS, Chang'e-5 lunar mineral spectrometer Visible & infrared Exploration of earth plasmasphere Chang'e-3 moon-based extreme ultraviolet camera Ultraviolet Moon-based astronomical observation Chang'e-3 moon-based ultraviolet telescope 表 3 中国首次火星探测工程光学载荷与科学目标
Table 3. Optical payloads and scientific objectives of China's first Mars exploration project
Scientific objective Optical payload Wavelengths Exploration of geological condition Medium-resolution camera, high-resolution camera, topography camera Visible Exploration of soil type distribution and structure Mars mineral spectrometer Visible, near-infrared & mid-infrared Exploration of surface elements,minerals and rock type Multispectral camera Visible & near-infrared Mars surface composition detector ultraviolet, visible & near-infrared 表 4 工程技术方面应用的主要光学设备
Table 4. Part of optical equipment for engineering applications
System Function Equipment Probe/Satellite Astronomical navigation Chang'e-1/2 mid-precision star sensors, Chang'e-1/2 ultraviolet lunar sensors, Chang'e-3/4 APS star sensors Landing navigation Laser 3D imaging sensor coarse hazard-avoiding camera Roving navigation Navigation cameras hazard cameras laser dot-matrix generatorlaser Rendezvous & docking Laser radar optical R&D imaging sensor Motion monitoring Monitoring cameras Rocket Navigation Laser gyroscope LIMU Separation monitoring Monitoring cameras TT&C and recovery Aiming, tracking & measurement Photoelectric theodolite Laser communication Optical telescope Ground application Lunar sample analysis Electron microscope polarization microscope CT scanner -
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