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目前,我国深空测控网由西部喀什地区35 m深空站、东部佳木斯地区66 m深空站和位于阿根廷西部内乌肯省萨帕拉地区的35 m深空站组成,可以实现对深空航天器接近90%的测控通信覆盖率,如图2所示。具备支持各类月球和深空探测任务的多频段遥测、遥控、数据接收和跟踪测量等功能,是目前世界上功能完备全球布局的三大深空测控网之一。
我国深空测控网采用了国际标准的S、X和Ka三频段,频率范围覆盖NASA和ESA深空站的频率范围,符合国际电联和CCSDS的相关建议,如表1所示。目前S和X频段上下行链路均可用,Ka频段主要用于下行接收。我国深空测控系统在功能和性能上与美国、欧空局等所属的深空站处于同一水平[6]。
表 1 深空测控频段划分
Table 1. Frequency band allocation for deep space TT&C
Frequency band Uplink / MHz Downlink /MHz S-band 2 025-2 120 2 200-2 300 X-band 7 145-7 235 8 400-8 500 Ka-band 34 200-34 700 31 800-32 300 在2018年5月21日发射的嫦娥四号“鹊桥”中继星任务中,我国深空测控网首次全网执行测控任务。国内喀什35 m、佳木斯66 m和阿根廷35 m深空测控设备共同为鹊桥提供了S频段测控支持;2018年12月8日,嫦娥四号探测器成功发射,深空测控网的全部三个深空站为探测器任务提供了全程X频段测控通信支持。
即将在2020年实施的首次火星探测任务中,我国深空测控网的测控通信支持距离将进一步延伸到4亿 km远。为了提高深空测控网的数据接收能力,我国正在喀什深空站建设3个35 m口径新天线,与原有的1个35 m天线组成天线阵系统,通过天线组阵接收技术,使得喀什深空站在X频段深空任务测控数据接收能力达到与佳木斯深空站66 m深空测控设备相当的水平,如图3所示。未来还计划在阿根廷深空站构建类似的天线阵系统,从而实现全网更强更远的测控通信能力。按照NASA“新视野号”探测器的配置开展太阳系边际探测,我国深空测控网在100 AU(1 AU≈1.496亿 km)距离上可以支持的数传码速率最大为130 bps,佳木斯深空站上行配置50 kW发射机(目前国内已经研制出样机)[11],100 AU距离上行遥控码速率最大约为160 bps,100 AU距离上行12码速率最大约为160 bps[12]。
Technical approach analysis and development prospects of optical communication technology in China Deep Space TT&C Network(Invited)
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摘要: 深空光通信是满足未来深空探测高速数据传输的主要技术途径,也是未来中国深空测控网发展的主要技术方向。特别是伴随着智能化、网络化空间通信系统的发展,射频和光通信相结合的智能空间通信网络将成为支持未来深空探测任务的核心设施。文中结合中国未来月球和深空探测发展规划,以中国现有深空测控网的任务支持能力为基础,梳理了未来深空测控光通信的需求。在充分借鉴国内外最新研究成果的基础上,全面分析了建设深空光通信系统地球终端的技术途径。结合中国国情的实际,提出了分步进行系统建设、分阶段开展工程应用,构建天地基相结合的混合深空光通信地面系统,并最终形成中国完全自主的深空光通信认知网络的发展思路。Abstract: Deep space optical communication is the main technical approach of high speed data transmission to meet the future deep space exploration, and the main technical direction for the China Deep Space TT&C Network development. Especially with the development of intelligent and networked space communication system, the intelligent space communication network combining RF and optical communication will become the core facilities to support future deep space exploration missions. This paper combines China future lunar and deep space exploration development plan, based on the mission support capability of China Deep Space TT&C Network, the requirements of future deep space optical communication are sorted out. On the basis of learning from the latest research results, this paper analyzes the technical approach of constructing the earth terminal of deep space optical communication system. Based on the actual situation of China, this paper puts forward the development idea of constructing the mixed deep space optical communication ground system with space relay terminal and earth terminal, and finally forming the cognitive network of deep space optical communication.
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表 1 深空测控频段划分
Table 1. Frequency band allocation for deep space TT&C
Frequency band Uplink / MHz Downlink /MHz S-band 2 025-2 120 2 200-2 300 X-band 7 145-7 235 8 400-8 500 Ka-band 34 200-34 700 31 800-32 300 -
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