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主要对可见光、红外(3~5 μm,8~14 μm)、激光(1.06 μm,10.6 μm)、毫米波(3 mm,8 mm)和厘米波(2 cm, 3 cm)的消光性能以及对8~14 μm波段热像遮蔽干扰效应进行了实验。
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水基泡沫对可见光遮蔽性能实验测试,采用了瞬变光源分光测试仪(北京奥博迪光电技术有限公司、北京师范大学光电仪器厂产品),其光谱工作波段为0.40~1.00 µm,测试系统如图6所示。不同厚度泡沫对可见光遮蔽光谱透过率TS(可见光光强透过率)和光强透过率TI结果如表1所示。
表 1 不同厚度泡沫的透过率
Table 1. Transmittance of different thickness of foams
Thickness of foams
camouflage effectThickness / cm 12 13 14 15 20 ${T_{\rm{S}}}$ 5.27% 3.51% 2.56% 1.83% 0 ${T_{\rm{I}}}$ 5.35% 3.21% 1.93% 0.59% 0 -
采用(德)OPAG33傅里叶变换红外遥测光谱仪实验测试了泡沫的红外(3~5 μm, 8~14 μm)消光性能[6]。OPAG33测试系统由光源(标准红外灯)、泡沫发生器、OPAG33 FTIR光谱仪及计算机数据处理系统组成,如图7所示。测试时,泡沫试样选用了由泡沫发生器产生的泡沫云,测试场景如图8所示。
测试时,首先采集背景在某一波段的辐射光谱图,然后置入目标再测得同一波段下的辐射光谱图,二者辐射光谱图的比值即为被测的透过率,由公式(1)给出:
$$\tau (\nu ,T) = \frac{{{S_s}(\nu ,T)}}{{{S_b}(\nu ,T)}}$$ (1) 式中:
$\tau (\nu ,T)$ 为泡沫红外辐射透过率,%;${S_s}(\nu ,T)$ 为均匀泡沫时的单通道光谱;${S_b}(\nu ,T)$ 为背景单通道光谱;$\nu $ 为光谱频率;cm−1;$T$ 为绝对温度,K。泡沫的红外质量消光系数由公式(2)计算:
$$\alpha (\nu ,T) = - \frac{1}{{{C_m} \cdot L}}\ln [\tau (\nu ,T)]$$ (2) 式中:
$\alpha (\nu ,T)$ 为质量消光系数,m2·g−1;${C_m}$ 为泡沫质量浓度,g·m−3;$L$ 为测试光程,m。按上述方法测得的泡沫红外透过率随时间变化光谱图如图9所示。消光系数与波长的关系如图10所示[7]。
图 9 不同波长下,泡沫红外透过率随时间变化光谱图
Figure 9. Relation between infrared transmittance and time at different wavelengths
为探索水基泡沫对红外成像遮蔽干扰效应,采用SAT-HY6800型非制冷红外焦平面热像仪(320×240非制冷整体热敏电阻焦平面探测器,工作波段为8~14 μm,光阑为Ф50 mm,全屏伪彩显示、全屏测温)开展了实验。测试时,试样为离散泡沫群(泡径为0.5~3.5 cm,光程上泡沫数量约20个),环境温度为+20 ℃,空气相对湿度为40%,遮蔽干扰效果如图11所示,平均红外消光系数为0.431 m2·g−1,如表2所示[8]。
表 2 泡沫对SAT-HY6800型非制冷红外焦平面热像的红外消光系数
Table 2. Infrared extinction coefficient of foam on un-cooling focal plane thermal image with SAT-HY6800
${T_{b0}}$/K ${T_{a0}}$/K ${T_b}$/K ${T_a}$/K ${C_m}$/g·m−3 $l$/m ${M_c}$/m2·g−1 Background 295.29 317.22 — — — — — Sample 1 295.29 317.22 294.82 291.01 11.94 0.35 0.451 Sample 2 295.29 317.22 295.03 290.81 10.83 0.41 0.402 Sample 3 295.29 317.22 301.56 304.47 12.03 0.38 0.449 Sample 4 295.29 317.22 302.61 306.53 11.78 0.35 0.422 Sample 5 295.29 317.22 302.29 296.92 11.05 0.31 0.430 Avg.=0.431 图 11 泡沫对SAT-HY6800型非制冷红外焦平面热像遮蔽干扰效果
Figure 11. Masking effect with SAT-HY6800 focal plane thermal image
以黑体辐射炉为目标、烟幕柜壁为背景,由于透过率
$\tau $ [9-10]为:$$\tau = \frac{{{L_b} - {L_a}}}{{{L_{b0}} - {L_{a0}}}}$$ (3) 所以:
$$\begin{split} {M_c} = &\dfrac{{ - 1}}{{{C_m} \cdot l}}\ln \left( \tau \right) =\\ &\dfrac{1}{{{C_m} \cdot l}}\ln \left( {\dfrac{{{L_{b0}} - {L_{a0}}}}{{{L_b} - {L_a}}}} \right) \\ \end{split} $$ (4) 式中:
${M_c}$ 为红外消光系数,m2·g−1;${C_m}$ 为泡沫质量浓度,g·m−3;$l$ 为测试光程,即泡沫层的厚度,m;${L_b}$ 为有泡沫时目标亮度,W·(m2∙sr)−1;${L_a}$ 为有泡沫时背景亮度,W·(m2∙sr)−1;${L_{b0}}$ 为无泡沫时目标亮度,W·(m2∙sr)−1;${L_{a0}}$ 为无泡沫时背景亮度,W·(m2∙sr)−1。而光的亮度
$L$ 与辐射能量$M$ 的关系为:$$L = \dfrac{1}{{\text{π}}}M$$ 根据Stefan-Boltzmann定律
$M = \sigma {T^4}$ ,可推导出:$$\begin{split} {M_c} = &\dfrac{1}{{{C_m} \cdot l}}\ln \left( {\dfrac{{{{\sigma T_{b0}^4} / \text{π} } - {{\sigma T_{a0}^4} / \text{π} }}}{{{{\sigma T_b^4} / \text{π} } - {{\sigma T_a^4} / \text{π} }}}} \right) \\ = &\dfrac{1}{{{C_m} \cdot l}}\ln \left( {\dfrac{{T_{b0}^4 - T_{a0}^4}}{{T_b^4 - T_a^4}}} \right) \end{split} $$ (5) 式中:
$T$ 为温度,K;$\sigma $ 为Stefan-Boltzmann常数,5.673×10−12 W∙ (cm2∙K4)−1;${T_b}$ 为背景温度,即有泡沫时的背景平均温度,K;${T_a}$ 为目标温度,即有泡沫时的目标区平均温度,K;${T_{b0}}$ 为背景起始温度,即无泡沫时的背景平均温度,K;${T_{a0}}$ 为目标起始温度,即无泡沫时的目标区平均温度,K。 -
泡沫对激光的消光性能测试,采用中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所制造的型号为YC-1.06-1D、YC-10.6-1D的1.06 μm和10.6 μm激光烟幕测试仪,测试系统如图12所示。
图 12 对激光(1.06 μm、10.6 μm)消光性能实验测试系统
Figure 12. Extinction performance test system for laser(1.06, 10.6 μm)
采用泡径分布为4~7 mm泡沫,其厚度分别为1 、2 、5 、7 和10 cm时,对激光的消光性能测试结果如图13、图14所示,其平均透过率如表3所示。厚度为10 cm不同泡径分布的泡沫对1.06 、10.6 μm激光衰减平均透过率如表4所示。
图 13 泡径分布为4~7 mm的不同厚度泡沫对1.06 μm激光衰减曲线
Figure 13. Attenuation curves of different thickness foam with different bubble size distributions of 4−7 mm to 1.06 μm laser
图 14 泡径分布为4~7 mm的不同厚度泡沫对10.6 μm激光衰减曲线
Figure 14. Attenuation curves of different thickness foam with bubble size distributions of 4−7 mm to 10.6 μm laser
表 3 泡径分布为4~7 mm的不同厚度泡沫对激光衰减平均透过率
Table 3. Average transmittance of laser with different thickness of foam bubble size distribution of 4−7 mm
Thickness/cm 1 2 5 7 10 1.06 μm
transmittance57.25% 47.03% 26.23% 12.00% 6.02% 10.6 μm transmittance 61.97% 52.98% 41.63% 23.04% 7.63% 表 4 厚度为10 cm不同泡径分布的泡沫1.06 μm、10.6 μm衰减平均透过率
Table 4. Average transmittance of laser with thickness of 10 cm different foam bubble size distributions(1.06 μm,10.6 μm)
Foam bubble size 1.3−2.5 cm 4−7 mm 0.8−2 mm 1.06 μm transmittance 17.86% 6.02% 0 10.6 μm transmittance 48.98% 7.63% 0 -
采用电子科技集团第五十研究所毫米波辐射参数采集仪(3、8 mm),开展了泡沫对3、8 mm波衰减特性的测试实验,测试系统如图15所示。
经实验,泡沫对毫米波具有良好的衰减特性。同等条件下8 mm波的衰减效果优于3 mm波。当采用20 cm厚的泡沫云为试样时,3 mm波衰减分贝数值和功率透过率如表5所示;8 mm波的衰减效果如图16所示(由图可见,衰减峰值可达20 dB以上)。
表 5 20 cm厚的泡沫云对3 mm波实验测试结果
Table 5. Test results of 3 mm millimeter-wave with thickness of 20 cm foams
Category Min Max Avg Attenuation decibels / dB 16.08 13.82 14.93 Transmittance 2.47% 4.15% 3.21% 实验发现,泡沫云泡沫泡径大小分布对毫米波衰减效果影响显著。泡径为2~3.5 cm的80 cm厚度泡沫云对8 mm波衰减效果如图17所示;泡径为0.8~2 cm的80 cm厚度泡沫云对8 mm波衰减效果如图18所示。
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为探索泡沫对厘米波的衰减特性,采用南京理工大学微波实验室的厘米波信号采集分析器(Agilent / HP 8720 D)配合厘米波信号发射器(发射功率14.8 mW)和接收器(扫描周期20 ms,间距3 m),开展了泡沫对厘米波衰减性能实验测试。泡沫对厘米波的衰减性能实验测试系统,如图19所示。
图 19 厘米波衰减特性测试系统示意图
Figure 19. Schematic diagram of measurement system for centimeter-wave attenuation characteristics
当泡沫试样厚度为20、60 和80 cm时,其对2、3 cm波的衰减效果如图20、图21、图22所示,其衰减值与衰减率如表6所示[5]。
图 20 20 cm厚的泡沫云对2 、3 cm波衰减效果
Figure 20. Attenuation effect with thickness of 20 cm to 2, 3 cm centimeter-wave
图 21 60 cm厚的泡沫云对2 、3 cm波衰减效果
Figure 21. Attenuation effect with thickness of 60 cm to 2, 3 cm centimeter-wave
图 22 80 cm厚的泡沫云对2 、3 cm波衰减效果
Figure 22. Attenuation effect with thickness of 80 cm to 2, 3 cm centimeter-wave
表 6 不同厚度泡沫云对2 cm、3 cm波衰减实验测试结果
Table 6. Test results of 2, 3 cm centimeter-wave with different thickness foams
Thickness /cm 2 cm/dB Result of 2 cm 3 cm /dB Result
of 3 cm20 2.3 16.8% 8.5 42.5% 60 12.5 81.2% 17.4 92.3% 80 29.9 100% 18.1 90.5%
Experimental study on extinction characteristics of aqueous foam(Invited)
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摘要: 水基泡沫在光电对抗隐身等领域有着广泛的应用,但现有光电干扰隐身技术存在作用时间短、干扰波段单一、污染环境等问题,难以有效对抗双模、多模精确制导武器。针对上述问题研究水基泡沫配方,开展了新型水基泡沫对可见光、红外(3~5 μm、8~14 μm)、激光(1.06 μm, 10.6 μm)、毫米波(3 mm, 8 mm)和厘米波(2 cm, 3 cm)的消光性能实验以及水基泡沫对8~14 μm波段热像遮蔽干扰效应测试,讨论了水基泡沫消光机理,指出以水基泡沫形成泡沫云或使之与人工雾复合构成幕障,有望获取一种“宽频谱”、“全波段”、“环保型”的新型烟幕武器装备。Abstract: Aqueous foam is widely used as a kind of stealth way in the scene of optoelectronic countermeasure. The existing optoelectronic jamming stealth technology has such problems as short acting time, single band and environmental pollution, which makes it difficult to effectively counter dual-mode and multi-mode precision guidance weapons. Aiming at the above problems, the aqueous foam formulation was studied. The extinction performance experiments of aqueous foam against visible light, infrared (3−5 μm, 8−14 μm), laser (1.06 μm, 10.6 μm), millimeter wave (3 mm, 8 mm) and centimeter wave (2 cm, 3 cm)were implemented. The shielding and interference effects of aqueous foam aiming at thermal imagery of 8−14 μm band were measured. The extinction mechanism of aqueous foam was discussed. The study shows that the curtain barrier formed by aqueous foam cloud or compositing with artificial fog is expected to acquire a new type of smokescreen weapon with the advantages such as full-wave band and environment friendly.
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Key words:
- aqueous foam /
- optoelectronic countermeasure /
- infrared /
- laser /
- millimeter wave /
- centimeter wave
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表 1 不同厚度泡沫的透过率
Table 1. Transmittance of different thickness of foams
Thickness of foams
camouflage effectThickness / cm 12 13 14 15 20 ${T_{\rm{S}}}$ 5.27% 3.51% 2.56% 1.83% 0 ${T_{\rm{I}}}$ 5.35% 3.21% 1.93% 0.59% 0 表 2 泡沫对SAT-HY6800型非制冷红外焦平面热像的红外消光系数
Table 2. Infrared extinction coefficient of foam on un-cooling focal plane thermal image with SAT-HY6800
${T_{b0}}$ /K${T_{a0}}$ /K${T_b}$ /K${T_a}$ /K${C_m}$ /g·m−3$l$ /m${M_c}$ /m2·g−1Background 295.29 317.22 — — — — — Sample 1 295.29 317.22 294.82 291.01 11.94 0.35 0.451 Sample 2 295.29 317.22 295.03 290.81 10.83 0.41 0.402 Sample 3 295.29 317.22 301.56 304.47 12.03 0.38 0.449 Sample 4 295.29 317.22 302.61 306.53 11.78 0.35 0.422 Sample 5 295.29 317.22 302.29 296.92 11.05 0.31 0.430 Avg.=0.431 表 3 泡径分布为4~7 mm的不同厚度泡沫对激光衰减平均透过率
Table 3. Average transmittance of laser with different thickness of foam bubble size distribution of 4−7 mm
Thickness/cm 1 2 5 7 10 1.06 μm
transmittance57.25% 47.03% 26.23% 12.00% 6.02% 10.6 μm transmittance 61.97% 52.98% 41.63% 23.04% 7.63% 表 4 厚度为10 cm不同泡径分布的泡沫1.06 μm、10.6 μm衰减平均透过率
Table 4. Average transmittance of laser with thickness of 10 cm different foam bubble size distributions(1.06 μm,10.6 μm)
Foam bubble size 1.3−2.5 cm 4−7 mm 0.8−2 mm 1.06 μm transmittance 17.86% 6.02% 0 10.6 μm transmittance 48.98% 7.63% 0 表 5 20 cm厚的泡沫云对3 mm波实验测试结果
Table 5. Test results of 3 mm millimeter-wave with thickness of 20 cm foams
Category Min Max Avg Attenuation decibels / dB 16.08 13.82 14.93 Transmittance 2.47% 4.15% 3.21% 表 6 不同厚度泡沫云对2 cm、3 cm波衰减实验测试结果
Table 6. Test results of 2, 3 cm centimeter-wave with different thickness foams
Thickness /cm 2 cm/dB Result of 2 cm 3 cm /dB Result
of 3 cm20 2.3 16.8% 8.5 42.5% 60 12.5 81.2% 17.4 92.3% 80 29.9 100% 18.1 90.5% -
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