Development of 1.5 μm lidar for atmospheric detection(Invited)
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摘要: 激光雷达拥有探测距离远、探测精度高、时空分辨率高、探测参数多样等优点,是大气探测的重要手段。对比常见的可见光波段激光雷达,1.5 μm大气探测激光雷达有独特优势,包括人眼安全、全光纤结构、穿透云雾能力强和昼夜连续探测等。2015年,世界首台单光子频率上转换气溶胶探测激光雷达诞生,实现了6 km距离高时空分辨率的气溶胶分布连续探测。在此之后,1.5 μm大气探测激光雷达在国内外迅速发展。按照探测方式区分,1.5 μm大气探测激光雷达进展分为直接探测激光雷达和相干探测激光雷达两类。直接探测激光雷达包括单光子频率上转换激光雷达、单光子频率上转换测风雷达、超导双频测风激光雷达、超导偏振激光雷达、多模单光子探测云激光雷达和单光子光谱遥感激光雷达。相干探测激光雷达包括偏振探测相干激光雷达、格雷编码相干测风激光雷达和大气多参数探测相干激光雷达。这些雷达的探测目标包括大气气溶胶(云)、能见度、偏振、风廓线、湍流耗散率、气体浓度、降水(雨滴谱),并且单台雷达拥有多参数同时探测的能力。Abstract: Lidar has the advantages of long detection distance, high detection accuracy, high temporal and spatial resolution, and diverse detection parameters, which is an important method for atmospheric detection. Compared with the lidar working at visible wavelength, 1.5 μm atmospheric detection lidar has unique advantages, including eye-safe, all-fiber structure, able to penetrate clouds and fog, and 24 hour continuous detection. In 2015, the world's first single-photon frequency up-conversion aerosol detection lidar was born, achieving continuous detection of aerosol distribution with high spatial and temporal resolution at a distance of 6 km. The representative development of 1.5 μm atmospheric detection lidar in recent years was introduced. In terms of detection methods, direct detection lidar and coherent detection lidar were introduced respectively. Direct detection lidar includes single-photon frequency up-conversion aerosol detection lidar, single-photon frequency up-conversion wind measurement lidar, superconducting dual-frequency wind measurement lidar, superconducting polarization lidar, multimode fiber-coupled single-photon cloud detection lidar and single-photon sensitivity free-space distributed spectral detection lidar. Coherent lidar includes the polarization detection coherent lidar, Golay coding coherent wind lidar and the atmospheric multi-parameter detection coherent lidar. The detection targets of these lidars include atmospheric aerosol (cloud), visibility, polarization, wind profile, gas concentration, precipitation (raindrop size distribution), etc.. Some of them have the ability to detect multiple parameters simultaneously.
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Key words:
- 1.5 μm lidar /
- aerosol and cloud /
- wind profile /
- TKEDR /
- gas concentration /
- raindrop size distribution
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图 19 编码相干测风激光雷达光路图。CW,连续波激光器;AOM,声光调制器;EOM,电光调制器;AWG,任意波形发生器;EDFA,掺铒光纤放大器;BS,分束器;BD,平衡探测器;ADC,模数转换器
Figure 19. Optical layout of the coding CDWL. CW, continuous-wave laser; AOM, acoustic–optic modulator; EOM, electro-optic modulator; AWG, arbitrary waveform generator; EDFA, erbium-doped fiber amplifier; BS, beam splitter; BD, balanced detector; ADC, analog-to-digital converter
图 20 激光脉冲序列。(a)格雷编码种子光输出;(b)无反馈调制的激光脉冲放大输出;(c)反馈调制后的格雷编码种子光输出;(d)反馈调制后的激光脉冲放大输出;(e)脉冲时域(d)的放大示意图
Figure 20. Laser pulse sequence. (a) Golay coding seed laser output; (b) Amplified laser sequence without feedback control; (c) Modulated Golay coding seed laser output; (d) Amplified laser sequence output with feedback control; (e) Enlarged waveform of (d)
图 23 2019年9月19至20日间一次降雨过程中的连续观测结果。(a)载噪比;(b)谱宽;(c)偏度;(d)水平风速;(e)水平风向;(f)垂直风速;(g)对数湍流耗散率;(h)切变强度
Figure 23. A precipitation process observed by the CDWL during 19-20 September 2019. (a) CNR; (b) Spectrum width; (c) Skewness; (d) Horizontal wind speed; (e) Horizontal wind direction; (f) Vertical wind speed; (g) log10(TKEDR); (h) Shear intensity
图 26 风和降雨的分别连续观测结果。(a)气溶胶谱宽;(b)水平风速;(c)水平风向;(d)垂直风速;(e)降雨谱宽;(f)水平雨速;(g)水平雨方向;(h)垂直雨速
Figure 26. Separation results of wind and rain. (a) Aerosol spectrum width; (b) Horizontal wind speed; (c) Horizontal wind direction; (d) Vertical wind speed. (e) Rain spectrum width; (f) Horizontal rain speed; (g) Horizontal rain direction; (h) Vertical rain speed
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