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摘要: 在现代医学中,核扫描、正电子发射断层扫描( Positron Emission Tomography, PET) 和磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI)技术已被广泛应用于提供组织形态和功能信息。但是这些技术在分辨率或成像深度上各有缺点,而一种基于低相干干涉原理的新型光学检测技术则可以同时实现高分辨率和大深度成像,该技术称为光学相干层析成像技术(Optical Coherence Tomography,OCT)。OCT技术是一种将高纵向分辨率和高横向分辨率结合的非接触、非侵入、无损伤影像技术,可以实现与活体组织病理学观察相同的作用。OCT采用低能量的近红外光源作为探测光,并结合显微镜头、手持式探头或内窥镜等非损伤方式进行常规检测,不会对生物组织造成损伤。同时OCT结合发展迅速的图像采集分析处理技术,可实现实时三维成像,从中提取对诊断有用的信息进行定量分析,为医生的诊断提供便利。该综述重点介绍经典OCT成像技术及其相关医疗应用技术,如SD-OCT、SS-OCT、aOCT、PS-OCT和D-OCT,在呼吸系统、口腔、脑组织和肾脏等其他主要器官疾病检测中的应用。Abstract: In modern medicine, nuclear scans, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology have been widely used to provide tissue morphology and functional information. However, these technologies have their own shortcomings in resolution or imaging depth. A new optical detection technology based on the principle of low-coherence interference can achieve high-resolution and large-depth imaging at the same time. This technology is called optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology. OCT technology is a non-contact, non-invasive, non-damage imaging technology that combines high longitudinal resolution with high transverse resolution, and can achieve the same effect as biopsy observation. OCT uses a low-energy near-infrared light source as the detection light, combined with non-damaging methods such as microscope heads, hand-held probes or endoscopes, for routine detection, and will not cause damage to biological tissues. At the same time, OCT combined with rapidly developing image acquisition, analysis and processing technology can realize real-time three-dimensional imaging, and extract useful information for diagnosis for quantitative analysis, which provides convenience for doctors' diagnosis. This review focuses on the classic OCT imaging technology and its related medical application technologies, such as SD-OCT, SS-OCT, aOCT, PS-OCT and D-OCT, in the detection of diseases of the respiratory system, oral cavity, brain tissue, kidney and other major organs in the application.
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Key words:
- optical coherence tomography /
- respiratory system /
- airway diseases /
- oral cancer
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Figure 2. Preoperative axial OCT image of the nasopharynx and adenoids of a 7 year old male patient (left image). Postoperative axial OCT image of the nasopharynx of the same patient (right image)(Note: The adenoids have been removed and the airway lumen is larger[15])
Figure 3. Six in vivo measurements of the airway (and esophagus) of a human and arranged by distance in the airway: (a) nasal cavity, (b) nasopharynx, (c) velopharynx, (d) oropharynx, (e) hypopharynx, and (f) esophagus. (Note the following anatomical features: nasal septum (N), middle turbinate (MT), inferior turbinate (IT), posterior nasal spine (P), base of uvula (BU), base of tongue (BT), and arytenoid cartilage (AC). The two circles at the center of the images are the reflections from the inner and outer surfaces of the catheter[1])
Figure 4. Various anatomic landmarks and regions of the pharynx from the upper esophagus and completed in one nostril[16]
Figure 6. Intraoperative FD-OCT of the pediatric airway. Note: A 0.7 mm OD OCT probe (75–80 cm length) is connected to a combined rotational motor and dual-motor stage for linear pullback. The probe, housed in a transparent fluorinated ethylene propylene sheath, is inserted through a Y-connector and pushed inside the endotracheal tube. The combined motors simultaneously rotate and retract the probe through the upper airway as the OCT signal is reflected at 90o into the tissue. ETT = endotracheal tube[19]
Figure 7. OCT image of pediatric subglottis represented in (A) polar coordinates and (B) cropped segment of Cartesian coordinates. (Note: A: anterior, C: cricoid cartilage, E: epithelium, BM: basement membrane, LP: lamina propria, PC: perichondrium, double arrows: probe sheath, and single arrow: endotracheal tube inner/outer wall. Bar = 500 mm[19])
Figure 8. (a) In vivo OCT image of a normal rabbit airway, (b) and (c) histology, and (d) an image of the airway taken by a bronchoscope. (Note: e: epithelium, m: mucosa, c: cartilage, BV: blood vessel, PBT: peri bronchial tissue, and tm: muscularis[24])
Figure 10. Enface OCT image of the buccal mucosa: (a) healthy tissue and (b) oral squamous cell carcinoma[38]
Figure 11. Typical OCT images of (a) healthy and (b) nephritic kidneys[42]
Figure 12. (a) OCT structure image of the mouse brain. [Note: The two red circles indicate that the leftmost and rightmost ends have the maximum and minimum brightness, respectively. The two longitudinal curves next to (a) indicate the signal intensity of the leftmost and rightmost A-scans of (a).) (b) OCT blood flow image of (a). (c) En face MIP image of (b). (Note: The red line represents the locations of (a) and (b).] (d) Segmentation result of the Otsu method. (e) Common threshold segmentation. (Note: The two yellow boxes in (d) and (e) indicate capillaries with relatively lower intensity[43]]
Figure 13. Ex vivo histology and OCT slice depicting the same vessel part with varying shapes[44]
Figure 14. (a) Schematic of the SD-OCT setup; (Note: Red arrows depict the optical beam scan pattern for 3 D imaging of the sample, where m: mirror, gm: galvanometer mounted mirror, gr: grating, lsc: line scan camera.)(b) Two-dimensional OCT sagittal image of in vivo mouse brain, where S: skull, CTX: cerebral cortex, CC: corpus callosum, and scale bar: 0.5 mm; (c) 3D volume of in vivo mouse brain rendered from OCT volumetric scan[48]
Figure 15. Procedure of the automatic detection algorithm of the skin surface for quantitative analysis of skin roughness. This process includes “curvature estimation” and “surface detection after flattening” procedures[49]
Figure 16. Cross-sectional OCT images of normal (left) and scarred (right) skin[53]
Figure 17. Cross-sectional image of normal rat colon ex vivo. (a) Representative cross-sectional OCT image of colon mucosa ex vivo. (b) Representative cross-sectional histology of rat colon tissue. (Note: The red, yellow, and green arrows denote the crypt lumen structures, individual goblet cells, and lamina propria, respectively[57])
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Optical coherence tomography technology for diagnosis of diseases in organs
doi: 10.3788/IRLA20210803
- 收稿日期: 2021-12-20
- 修回日期: 2022-02-25
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-02
- 刊出日期: 2022-10-28
摘要: 在现代医学中,核扫描、正电子发射断层扫描( Positron Emission Tomography, PET) 和磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI)技术已被广泛应用于提供组织形态和功能信息。但是这些技术在分辨率或成像深度上各有缺点,而一种基于低相干干涉原理的新型光学检测技术则可以同时实现高分辨率和大深度成像,该技术称为光学相干层析成像技术(Optical Coherence Tomography,OCT)。OCT技术是一种将高纵向分辨率和高横向分辨率结合的非接触、非侵入、无损伤影像技术,可以实现与活体组织病理学观察相同的作用。OCT采用低能量的近红外光源作为探测光,并结合显微镜头、手持式探头或内窥镜等非损伤方式进行常规检测,不会对生物组织造成损伤。同时OCT结合发展迅速的图像采集分析处理技术,可实现实时三维成像,从中提取对诊断有用的信息进行定量分析,为医生的诊断提供便利。该综述重点介绍经典OCT成像技术及其相关医疗应用技术,如SD-OCT、SS-OCT、aOCT、PS-OCT和D-OCT,在呼吸系统、口腔、脑组织和肾脏等其他主要器官疾病检测中的应用。
English Abstract
Optical coherence tomography technology for diagnosis of diseases in organs
- Received Date: 2021-12-20
- Rev Recd Date: 2022-02-25
- Available Online: 2022-11-02
- Publish Date: 2022-10-28
Abstract: In modern medicine, nuclear scans, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology have been widely used to provide tissue morphology and functional information. However, these technologies have their own shortcomings in resolution or imaging depth. A new optical detection technology based on the principle of low-coherence interference can achieve high-resolution and large-depth imaging at the same time. This technology is called optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology. OCT technology is a non-contact, non-invasive, non-damage imaging technology that combines high longitudinal resolution with high transverse resolution, and can achieve the same effect as biopsy observation. OCT uses a low-energy near-infrared light source as the detection light, combined with non-damaging methods such as microscope heads, hand-held probes or endoscopes, for routine detection, and will not cause damage to biological tissues. At the same time, OCT combined with rapidly developing image acquisition, analysis and processing technology can realize real-time three-dimensional imaging, and extract useful information for diagnosis for quantitative analysis, which provides convenience for doctors' diagnosis. This review focuses on the classic OCT imaging technology and its related medical application technologies, such as SD-OCT, SS-OCT, aOCT, PS-OCT and D-OCT, in the detection of diseases of the respiratory system, oral cavity, brain tissue, kidney and other major organs in the application.