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“低慢小”目标指飞行高度在1 km以下、飞行时速小于200 km、雷达反射面积小于2 m2的航空器具。由“低慢小”的目标特性及其造成的防控难题具体体现在:
1)低空/超低空飞行:通常低空指1 km以下,超低空为100 m以下,空域内地面杂物、建筑物、飞鸟等干扰物体较多,对“低慢小”目标的探测信号干扰很大,具体包括物理遮挡、噪声干扰、电磁干扰、信号衰减等;
2)低速/悬停飞行:无人机目标可以任意指定空域悬停,或超低速度飞行。雷达探测主要依靠目标运动带来的多普勒效应区分动目标和静态目标/干扰,切向速度需要大于一定值,才能够区分出运动目标和固定目标,因此,低速或悬停目标不利于雷达探测;
3)小尺寸弱辐射:通常,微小型无人机轴距在亚米量级,RCS和辐射表面积较小,难以通过传统雷达、光电手段被发现;采用电池动力飞行,与环境背景温差较小、辐射特征弱,不利于红外远距离探测到。
随着技术的发展,“低慢小”目标的飞行高度更低、飞行速度更慢、雷达散射截面(RCS)更小、红外辐射特性更弱、数据链特征和导航方式更为复杂。因此,在探测方面,需要针对低空/超低空、慢速、红外辐射特性弱/雷达反射截面积小等三个特点进行设计;在处置方面,根据目标的数据链特征和导航方式进行有效的通信干扰,根据“低慢小”目标的物理特性,进行拦截毁伤等硬杀伤手段设计。
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“低慢小”目标的探测发现,基于目标散射、辐射、发射的信号,通过接收、处理和确认,主要技术手段有雷达、光电、无线电、声学等[14]。不同探测手段的优点和问题如表1所示。
表 1 不同探测、处置手段的优势、劣势分析
Table 1. Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of different detections and processing methods
Methods Advantages Disadvantages Radar detection All-weather operation,
provides distance information,
long detection range,
high detection efficiencyThe low-altitude detection exhibits a high false alarm rate, susceptibility to electronic interference, blind spots in close-range detection, inadequate resolution of detection, and a low probability of identification Optical-electronic detection High detection accuracy,
strong identification capability,
visualized information,
fully passive detectionThe field of view is limited, resulting in a reduced detection efficiency. Additionally, the lack of distance information in a single installation hinders accurate assessment. Moreover, this system exhibits inadequate adaptability to extreme weather conditions and fails to detect non-line-of-sight targets Radio detection All-weather operation,
high detection efficiency,
ability to identify spectrum features, aircraft type,
and operator locationLimited detection accuracy; inadequate performance against electromagnetically silent targets; vulnerable to interference in complex electromagnetic environments Acoustic detection All-weather operation,
360° omni-directional,
ability to detect targets behind obstaclesLimited detection range; suboptimal performance in noisy environments; reduced acoustic detection accuracy; challenges in target profiling Electronic interference Strong all-weather operational capability,
ability to engage multiple targets with high efficiencyUrban usage may induce interference directionality, rendering it ineffective against non-electromagnetic or electromagnetically silent targets. Aerial net capture/net dispensing Minimizes collateral damage,
enables evidence collectionThe operational efficiency of a single aerial net capture drone is limited to one target, resulting in low effectiveness; additionally, the high cost associated with the deployment of net dispensing equipment poses a significant financial burden Laser interception Complete destruction of target,
causing blindness and dizzinessLimited environmental adaptability; tracking and aiming involve significant technical challenges; urban deployment may result in collateral damage and pose potential safety risks High-power microwave Effective against a group of targets,
high efficiency in target engagementSignificant interference in urban environments, coupled with substantial volume, weight, and power consumption, necessitates further technological advancements for improved maturity 雷达通常对“高”、“快”或“大”目标有良好的探测效果,受天气环境影响小,探测距离远,探测效率高,是目标预警探测的主要手段[15]。但是,与传统威胁目标的特性不同,“低慢小”目标与地物杂波接近、多普勒频移不明显、RCS积小,因此雷达低空探测抗干扰能力弱、虚警高,甚至对悬空静止目标探测失效;作为有源探测手段,容易受到电子干扰影响而严重降低探测性能。此外,雷达探测手段存在固有缺点,如近程探测盲区、探测分辨率不足、探测精度和识别概率较低等。
光电探测可通过红外、可见光、激光波段,对“低慢小”目标自身辐射能量或反射能量进行被动探测,并实现高精度跟踪和识别,对低空地物杂波的抗干扰能力较强,探测效果直观,并可全天时工作;作为无源探测手段,具有良好的战场抗干扰能力[16]。但是,光电探测手段受气象环境影响较为显著,逆光无法有效探测,大气衰减、湍流影响大;探测能力较弱,探测效率较低;在复杂背景环境下,目标信号容易淹没在背景信号中,检测和跟踪难度较大;在视场存在物理遮挡的情况下,难以进行有效探测。
无线电侦测技术主要探测小型无人机的图传、遥测信号等,受天气环境影响小,侦测效果不受无人机尺寸、形状、速度、材料的限制,具有开机即发现的侦测效率,能够对典型商用无人机进行型号识别,还可对非法操控者进行定位,通视要求相对较低。但是,由于城市电磁环境复杂,无线电侦测性能受到影响;对采用加密、跳频、特殊频段等遥控技术的无人机目标,无线电侦测技术很难发挥作用;对采用路径规划飞行的无人机目标、空飘球等,无线电侦测手段将失效。
声学探测可接收并识别“低慢小”航空器发动机、旋翼和大气摩擦所产生的特征声信号,可实现全天候、全天时探测,并且对物理遮挡的目标可进行较好的探测。但是,在城市环境下,“低慢小”目标的声学特性极易隐藏或受到干扰,很难被准确探测、识别,探测距离有限;对空飘球等“低慢小”目标探测能力失效。
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对“低慢小”目标的处置,主要是干扰、捕获以及毁伤等方式。通过对测控链路和GPS的压制式干扰或者欺骗式干扰实现对目标的驱离和劫持;通过发射网枪或网弹的方式,阻止无人机目标飞行并将其捕获;使用激光、高功率微波等定向能武器,或者是传统的动能武器,对目标进行摧毁。不同处置手段的优点和问题如表1所示。
干扰手段通过定向发射高功率无线电信号,压制无人机遥控信号或导航信号,使得无人机目标的飞行控制系统和导航定位系统无法正常工作,迫使无人机悬停、迫降或返航,干扰频段一般为900 MHz、2.4 GHz、5.8 GHz以及GPS、北斗等通信、定位信号频段,具有作用距离远、处置效率高、全天候工作等优点。但在城市环境下,无线电/导航干扰可能对生活用频、民航导航等造成不利干扰;随着跳频、扩频等遥控技术的发展,无线电干扰效能受到影响;对采用程控模式的无人机、空飘球等“低慢小”目标,干扰手段将会失效。
捕获手段主要通过发射捕网抓捕无人机,包括网枪、网弹或网捕无人机等。网捕手段的主要优点是可以通过捕获无人机、空飘球等“低慢小”目标进行取证,且附带损伤小。但是,网捕手段为单目标处置手段,不适用于对多目标处置,且需要光电设备进行精确引导,特别是对机动目标的捕获概率较低,因此处置效能很低。
激光拦截技术通过高功率激光束对目标进行毁伤,是末端防御的有效手段,成本低,逐渐成为近年来的研究热点[17]。但是,激光武器受大气条件影响较大,处置能力有限;对跟踪瞄精度要求高,精确跟踪技术难度大;点杀伤手段效能低;在城市环境使用存在安全风险,且毁伤目标坠落可能造成较为严重的二次损伤;体积、质量和功耗较大,机动性不高。
高功率微波(HPM)是利用高功率微波波束毁坏电子设备的一种定向能武器,可在一定空域内、远距离“烧坏”无人机目标等目标的电子器件,使其毁伤、坠落[18]。通过宽波束“面”杀伤方式,攻击速度快,控制精度要求低,效率高,特别适用对集群目标的对抗;成本低,效费比高,有效应对饱和攻击威胁。但是,存在城市环境干扰严重,体积、质量和功耗较大,工程应用程度不高等问题。
Construction and development of LSS target prevention and control system
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摘要: 近年来,以无人机为代表的“低慢小”目标发展迅速,通过搭载侦察、通信、干扰、打击等载荷和运用先进信息技术,已应用于实战或恐怖袭击,对城市防护、要人要地、公共安全造成了重大安全隐患;其以廉降耗、以量增效的新战法和新特点,对现有的防控体系构成了极大挑战。文中结合近10年工程经验,分析“低慢小”目标的特点和防控问题,提出基于OODA理论的“低慢小”目标防控作战流程以及复合组网、态势融合、多元分级、平台开放的体系建设发展思路;面向应用,充分探索各探测、处置手段的发展方向,为开展“低慢小”目标防控技术的发展和能力建设提供重要参考。文中指出,“低慢小”防控任务需要多学科、跨领域的协同配合,并通过常态化的测试与使用,对相关经验进行总结,不断优化迭代体系能力,才有可能解决“低慢小”目标防护的问题。Abstract:
Significance In recent years, there has been a significant proliferation of "low-slow-small" targets (LSS) represented by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are extensively utilized in industries such as film and television aerial photography, low-altitude logistics, security monitoring, and aerial surveying. However, owing to their easily accessible, controllable and concealable characteristics, micro-drones are susceptible to exploitation by hostile forces for illegal activities like reconnaissance and sabotage that pose serious risks to confidentiality and security for both military and civilian sectors. Furthermore, the LSS represented by UAVs have demonstrated their substantial combat capabilities in modern warfare while representing the development trend of future information warfare. However, existing defense systems and operational equipment continue to confront numerous technological challenges pertaining to effective detection and discovery mechanisms, intelligent information fusion techniques, reliable defense and interception capabilities, as well as system platform integration issues. In practical applications though, problems such as varying degrees of standardization across different contexts exist alongside inadequate operational capabilities under complex environmental conditions and unreliable regular usage. Progress Firstly, based on the analysis of the characteristics associated with LSS, a fundamental approach for detection and disposal is proposed. In terms of detection requirements, it is essential to design systems that address three specific characteristics of low-altitude/ultra-low-altitude flights, slow speeds, and weak infrared radiation characteristics/small radar cross-sections. Regarding disposal strategies, effective communication interference should be implemented based on the target's data link traits and navigation methods. Additionally, the physical attributes of LSS should guide the design of interception and destructive measures. Subsequently, this study addresses the development of a robust target defense and control system architecture with emphasis on LSS. Operational procedures are also designed to ensure efficient execution. During operations, the detection system provides real-time target information including position, motion characteristics, electromagnetic spectrum data, and other relevant details for multiple targets within the defense zone through multimodal information fusion. This enables the creation of a comprehensive situational awareness map for effective defense and control. Target classification and identification are performed using advanced feature extraction and classification methods. The command system then prioritizes target threats based on three-dimensional situational analysis in conjunction with current contextual information to issue appropriate disposal orders according to allocation principles. Finally, selected disposal methods are implemented to effectively address the identified targets while completing the operational loop of OODA (observe, orient, decide, act). Lastly, this paper proposes the key trends in the development of LSS defense and control. The construction of such systems requires addressing key issues and implementing development strategies including standardization, normalization, and cost-effectiveness. Conclusions and Prospects Among these strategies, optical detection emerges as a significant passive method with promising application prospects for future low-altitude detection tasks focused on urban warfare. It offers advantages such as all-weather capability, visualization, high precision, and strong anti-jamming capabilities to overcome challenges related to target discovery and identification. The increasingly complex battlefield environment and evolving advanced operational modes like UAV swarms impose new technological requirements on optical detection. On one hand, integrating optical detection into early warning systems can leverage its advantages through comprehensive coordination of airspace management, platform deployment optimization, spectrum utilization efficiency enhancement, and information perception improvement to enhance overall operational efficiency. On the other hand, optical detection should address the challenges associated with large field-of-view coverage, detection at high resolutions, multi-target tracking, and positioning capabilities while also enhancing intelligent identification performance. It should also expand optical information perception dimensions, such as polarization analysis and multispectral imaging, to provide robust support in addressing low-altitude detection challenges. As drone technology continues to advance, the defense and control of LSS represented by drones emerge as crucial areas and technical challenges in the future development of low-altitude defense. The consensus is to develop an integrated defense and control system that encompasses agile command, composite detection, and multimodal disposal. However, due to the unique characteristics of LSS and their diverse operational scenarios, existing technological means are insufficient in fundamentally addressing the issues related to detection and disposal. Therefore, it is imperative to gradually enhance the construction of the LSS defense and control system through continuous testing and utilization while summarizing relevant experiences. This iterative process will provide valuable feedback for optimizing the existing defense mechanisms in order to effectively safeguard LSS. -
表 1 不同探测、处置手段的优势、劣势分析
Table 1. Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of different detections and processing methods
Methods Advantages Disadvantages Radar detection All-weather operation,
provides distance information,
long detection range,
high detection efficiencyThe low-altitude detection exhibits a high false alarm rate, susceptibility to electronic interference, blind spots in close-range detection, inadequate resolution of detection, and a low probability of identification Optical-electronic detection High detection accuracy,
strong identification capability,
visualized information,
fully passive detectionThe field of view is limited, resulting in a reduced detection efficiency. Additionally, the lack of distance information in a single installation hinders accurate assessment. Moreover, this system exhibits inadequate adaptability to extreme weather conditions and fails to detect non-line-of-sight targets Radio detection All-weather operation,
high detection efficiency,
ability to identify spectrum features, aircraft type,
and operator locationLimited detection accuracy; inadequate performance against electromagnetically silent targets; vulnerable to interference in complex electromagnetic environments Acoustic detection All-weather operation,
360° omni-directional,
ability to detect targets behind obstaclesLimited detection range; suboptimal performance in noisy environments; reduced acoustic detection accuracy; challenges in target profiling Electronic interference Strong all-weather operational capability,
ability to engage multiple targets with high efficiencyUrban usage may induce interference directionality, rendering it ineffective against non-electromagnetic or electromagnetically silent targets. Aerial net capture/net dispensing Minimizes collateral damage,
enables evidence collectionThe operational efficiency of a single aerial net capture drone is limited to one target, resulting in low effectiveness; additionally, the high cost associated with the deployment of net dispensing equipment poses a significant financial burden Laser interception Complete destruction of target,
causing blindness and dizzinessLimited environmental adaptability; tracking and aiming involve significant technical challenges; urban deployment may result in collateral damage and pose potential safety risks High-power microwave Effective against a group of targets,
high efficiency in target engagementSignificant interference in urban environments, coupled with substantial volume, weight, and power consumption, necessitates further technological advancements for improved maturity -
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