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Wu Rina, Song Yunhe, Lu Jiaqi, Gao Rui, Li Yeqiu, Dai Qin. Random laser radiation behavior of liquid crystal in photonic crystal fiber carrier[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2021, 50(4): 20200171. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20200171
Citation: Wu Rina, Song Yunhe, Lu Jiaqi, Gao Rui, Li Yeqiu, Dai Qin. Random laser radiation behavior of liquid crystal in photonic crystal fiber carrier[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2021, 50(4): 20200171. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20200171

Random laser radiation behavior of liquid crystal in photonic crystal fiber carrier

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20200171
  • Received Date: 2020-11-10
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-12-25
  • Available Online: 2021-04-30
  • Publish Date: 2021-04-30
  • A hollow-core photonic-crystal fiber filled with a mixture of nematic liquid crystal TEB30A, chiral agent S-811 and laser dye PM597 was pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm. The laser emission spectra was measured and the random laser radiation behavior in the photonic-crystal fiber carrier was investigated. When side-pumping was applied to the fiber, the emitted random laser with a wider radiation direction from the side face had a wavelength range of 590−605 nm and an FWMH of 0.3 nm. When end-pumping was employed to the fiber, the emitted random laser from the end face had a wavelength range of 580−605 nm and an FWMH of 0.3 nm. After the sample was heated to the isotropic temperature, the laser emission with both pumping methods was shut down. The experimental results demonstrate that the dye doped liquid crystal mixture in the micropore induce the random laser emission in the photonic-crystal. The change in the mean free path of photon transport and the fluctuation of the dielectric tensor of chiral nematic liquid crystals with temperature are the main factors affecting the laser intensity.
  • [1] Wu R N, Li M, Shi R X, et al. Research of dye-doped cholesteric nematic liquid crystal laser characteristic [J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2017, 46(3): 0305002. (in Chinese)
    [2] Li L W, Deng L G. Random lasers in dye-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystals containing silver nanoparticles [J]. Physica B, 2012, 407(24): 4826-4830. doi:  10.1016/j.physb.2012.09.023
    [3] Ye L H, Yin Z L, Zhao C, et al. Thermally tunable random laser in dye-doped liquid crystals [J]. Journal of Modern Optics, 2013, 60(19): 1607-1611. doi:  10.1080/09500340.2013.844867
    [4] Lee C R, Lin S H, Guo J W, et al. Electrically and thermally controllable nanoparticle random laser in a well-aligned dye-doped liquid crystal cell [J]. Optical Materials Express, 2015, 5(6): 1469-1481. doi:  10.1364/OME.5.001469
    [5] Ye L H, Zhao C, Feng Y Y, et al. Study on the polarization of random lasers from dye-doped nematic liquid crystals [J]. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2017, 12(1): 27. doi:  10.1186/s11671-016-1778-x
    [6] Peng Y, Hou J, Zhang Y, et al. Temperature sensing using the bandgap-like effect in a selectively liquid-filled photonic crystal fiber [J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 38(3): 263-265.
    [7] Latha G, Nari P. Photonic crystal fiber based optical studies of oil deterioration by near field imaging [J]. Optik, 2016, 127(22): 10991-10998. doi:  10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.08.109
    [8] de Matos C J S, Menezes L S, Brito-Silva A M, et al. Random Fiber Laser [J]. Physical Review Letters, 2007, 99(15): 153903. doi:  10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.153903
    [9] Nagai Y, Shao-Chieh C, Kajikawa K. Two-dimensional coherent random laser in photonic crystal fiber with dye-doped nematic liquid crystal [J]. Applied Optics, 2017, 56(32): 8969-8972. doi:  10.1364/AO.56.008969
    [10] Woliński T R, Szaniawska K, Bondarczuk K, et al. Propagation properties of photonic crystal fibers filled with nematic liquid crystals [J]. Opto Electronics Review, 2005, 13(2): 177-182.
    [11] Wu R N, Wu X J, Wu J, et al. Research of laser emission in the photonic liquid crystal fiber [J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2015, 35(2): 0223003. (in Chinese) doi:  10.3788/AOS201535.0223003
    [12] Wang J L, Du M Q, Zhang L L, et al. Transmission characteristics of photonic crystal fibers based on filling different kinds of liquid crystals [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(12): 120702. (in Chinese) doi:  10.7498/aps.64.120702
    [13] Yonenaga Y, Fujimura R, Shimojo M, et al. Random laser of dye-injected holey photonic-crystal fiber [J]. Physical Review A, 2015, 92(1): 013824. doi:  10.1103/PhysRevA.92.013824
    [14] Li L W, Deng L G. Random lasing from dye- doped chiral nematic liquid crystals in oriented and non-oriented cells [J]. The European Physical Journal B, 2013, 86(3): 1-6.
    [15] Wu R N, Lu J Q, Wang X, et al. Random lasing in dye-doped chiral nematic liquid crystal [J]. Optik, 2019, 202: 163616.
    [16] Lu Y L, Yin X B, Xiong Z R, et al. Reduced-threshold emission of capillary filled by doped-dye cholesteric liquid crystals with photo-alignment polyimide films [J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2018, 10(1): 2795106.
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Random laser radiation behavior of liquid crystal in photonic crystal fiber carrier

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20200171
  • School of Science, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China

Abstract: A hollow-core photonic-crystal fiber filled with a mixture of nematic liquid crystal TEB30A, chiral agent S-811 and laser dye PM597 was pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm. The laser emission spectra was measured and the random laser radiation behavior in the photonic-crystal fiber carrier was investigated. When side-pumping was applied to the fiber, the emitted random laser with a wider radiation direction from the side face had a wavelength range of 590−605 nm and an FWMH of 0.3 nm. When end-pumping was employed to the fiber, the emitted random laser from the end face had a wavelength range of 580−605 nm and an FWMH of 0.3 nm. After the sample was heated to the isotropic temperature, the laser emission with both pumping methods was shut down. The experimental results demonstrate that the dye doped liquid crystal mixture in the micropore induce the random laser emission in the photonic-crystal. The change in the mean free path of photon transport and the fluctuation of the dielectric tensor of chiral nematic liquid crystals with temperature are the main factors affecting the laser intensity.

    • 液晶随机激光器作为一种新型的微腔激光器,由激光染料提供增益,液晶的强散射提供相干反馈放大,因此具有无需外加谐振腔、制备简单、体积小等优点。在微尺寸光源和生物医学领域的应用潜力备受关注。利用传统液晶盒,将激光染料和液晶的混合物注入到液晶盒中,在外加泵浦光的作用下,可获得随机激光辐射[1]。可利用外场(电场、磁场、温度等)来调节出射激光强度[2-5]。光子晶体光纤(photonic-crystal fiber, PCF)含有不同排列形式的气孔,有利于填充气体或液体[6-7]。将激光染料和液晶的混合物注入其中,可以制作随机激光器件。Matos D等在空芯的PCF的纤芯中填充TiO2和6G溶液,制作了PCF随机激光器,相比传统的大块结构器件,激光辐射效率高出2个数量级[8]。Nagai Y等在全反射型PCF的微孔中填充向列相液晶和激光染料DCM制作样品,获得侧面泵浦阈值低的随机激光[9]。由此可知,PCF为载体,可以降低随机激光的阈值和提高激光辐射效率。T.R. Woliński等在全反射型PCF的微孔中填充低双折射和高双折射的向列相液晶混合物并对其端面泵浦,研究其传输特性,说明了光子带隙效应的引导机理[10]。乌日娜等在全反射型PCF的微孔中填充手性向列相液晶和激光染料DCM制作样品,泵浦光与样品轴向成30°侧面泵浦,在样品端面和侧面探测到随机激光[11]。王家璐 在全反射型PCF的空气孔中填充折射率不同的液晶并对其端面泵浦,通过改变外场条件研究输出光谱变化规律[12]。Yonenaga Y等在全反射型PCF的微孔中填充DCM和折射率不同的溶剂制作样品并对其侧面泵浦,指出随机激光的振荡机制不是源于周期性微孔的布拉格反射,也不是源于PCF和填充溶液的折射率差值引起的散射,而是源于增益介质的散射[13]。与传统光纤相比,PCF具有无截止波长单模传输、可调色散、高双折射、极强的非线性特性等。与传统液晶盒和毛细管相比,PCF对光的控制作用较强,可避免回音壁模式激光输出,具有较低的激光阈值[13]。PCF特别结构对随机激光的影响以及PCF中液晶随机激光产生的机制还需要进一步深入探讨。

      在早期实芯PCF作为载体的基础上[11],文中以空芯的PCF作为载体,将液晶与激光染料的混合物填充入空气微孔中制作样品。利用comsol构建了空芯PCF模型,验证了光波可以基模传输的现象。采用端面和侧面泵浦两种方式激发样品,分别测量端面和侧面出射的激光辐射谱。进一步得出手性向列相液晶中光子传输平均自由程和液晶分子介电张量的涨落随温度的变化,是影响出射激光强度的主要因素的结论,并深入分析了PCF中产生随机激光的机制。

    • 实验装置如图1所示。将向列相液晶TEB30A、手性剂S-811、激光染料PM597按照质量百分比73.4%、25.6%、2%均匀混合,将混合物放在温控磁力搅拌机上搅拌12 h以上,使其混合均匀。其间可以升温至50 ℃(液晶清亮点以下)继续搅拌,使其充分混合,直至混合均匀,制成染料掺杂手性向列相液晶。准备长约4 cm的光子晶体光纤样品,利用毛细作用将混合好的染料掺杂手性向列相液晶注入其空气孔中,制成实验所需样品。利用偏光显微镜(OLYMPUS BX51)观察样品,多通道光纤光谱仪(Avantes)测量白光透射谱。以固体Nd: YAG激光器的532 nm脉冲激光作为泵浦光测量激光辐射谱,其脉冲频率为3 Hz,脉宽20 ns。泵浦光通过532 nm分光片分为两束,一束用来实时测量泵浦光能量;另外一束泵浦光经过光纤耦合系统照射到样品侧面或端面,在另一侧面或端面测量激光辐射谱。

      Figure 1.  Optical setup for probing laser emission spectrum

      控温系统由两片电热膜将PCF样品夹在其中,通过对电热膜(韩国三昌碳纤维电热)施加电压,可以实时改变电热膜的温度,进而控制PCF样品的温度。小型220 V可调变压器进行电压调节。

    • 在正交偏光显微镜下观察样品的侧面和端面,如图2所示。光子晶体光纤的纤芯空气孔直径D约为12.53 µm,包层的直径$D_{\rm{0}}$约为62.44 µm,纤芯周围紧密规则地排列着空气孔,其直径d约为3.37 µm,空气孔间的距离a约为3.71 µm。有些微孔显示了暗色,说明没有充分注入液晶混合物。在正交偏光显微镜下,如果微孔完全没有充入液晶则显示纯黑色。

      Figure 2.  Photographs of sample under a polarizing microscope. (a) Side face; (b) End face

      样品白光透射谱如图3所示。由光纤端面入射,另一端面测量。图3(a)中插图为白光光源的光谱图。由于光纤的吸收、散射损耗等,通过光纤的光谱形貌发生了变化,约602 nm和673 nm处有一个凹陷。设定光纤探头的方向与PCF的轴向方向的夹角为$\theta $,设定$\theta {\rm{ = 0}}^\circ $为两个方向相互平行。采集了θ=0°、10°、20°、30°的透射谱。可以看出光谱形貌几乎相同,只是透过光强度在减小。$\theta {\rm{ = 0}}^\circ $时的透过光强最强。填充液晶混合物后PCF样品的透射谱如图3(b)所示。由于激光染料和液晶的吸收、散射损耗等透射光强度明显降低。图中阴影部分对应随机激光产生的波段580~610 nm。构建PCF的模型,选取激光辐射谱的中心波长590 nm,取液晶平均折射率值$n_1 = 1.607 = (n_{{e}} + n_{{o}})/2$$n_e = 1.692$$n_o = 1.522$,光纤包层的等效折射率$n_{clad} = 1.571$ ($n_{clad} = An_1 + Bn_2$A为空气孔部分占包层面积的百分比,B为石英材料薄层面积的百分比,$n_1$为填充液晶折射率,$n_{\rm{2}}$为石英材料折射率),得到PCF中光场分布如图3(c)所示。由图可以看出,光波仍可以在基模传输。

      Figure 3.  White light transmission spectrum of PCF. (a) Unfilled PCF with different detection angles θ; (b) Unfilled PCF and liquid crystal mixture filled PCF, $\theta {\rm{ = 0}}^\circ $; (c) Light field distribution in PCF

    • 在PCF样品侧面泵浦,泵浦光垂直光纤轴,并在另一侧面测得的激光辐射谱如图4所示。图4(a)中,随机激光峰出现在590~605 nm范围内。随着泵浦能量增大,随机激光峰强度明显增大,半高全宽(full width at half maximum,FWHM)变窄。当泵浦能量为210 μJ时FWHM约为0.3 nm。图4(b)中,在不同泵浦能量下的光谱数据通过线性拟合得到样品的侧面激光辐射阈值能量为95.27 μJ/pulse。

      Figure 4.  Laser emission spectra on side face. (a) At different pump energies and; (b) Threshold characteristic curves; (c) At different detecting angles

      从Anderson局域化出发,相干随机激光的发生机制可通过满足$l_{tr}/\lambda < 1$条件表示,其中

      为染料掺杂手性向列相液晶的传输平均自由程[14]。式中:$\lambda_{\rm{0}}$是其中一种模式的辐射波长,${n_{av}} = $$ {[({n_e}^2 + {n_o}^2)/2]^{1/2}}$是手性向列相液晶的平均折射率,其中$n_e$$n_o$分别为非寻常光折射率和寻常光折射率;$n$$\lambda_{\rm{0}}$处折射率;P为手性向列相液晶的螺距;$\theta $为入射光与有序分子层的夹角;$l$为谐振腔的长度;${\rm d}n/{\rm d}\lambda$为折射率色散。而光子在随机介质中的扩散常数(D)可用下列关系式表示:

      式中:$l_{tr}$为光子传输平均自由程;$v$为传输的平均速度。

      随着泵浦能量增大,随机激光峰值强度明显增大,这是因为随着泵浦能量的增大,使更多液晶分子呈现热涨落现象,进而使光子的传输平均自由程$(l_{tr})$减小,扩散常数(D)减小,散射强度增强,随机激光峰值强度随之增强。发射谱中的尖峰数随着泵浦能量的增强而增加,这是因为随着泵浦能量的增强,光子的传输平均自由程$(l_{tr})$的减小,会形成更多的谐振微腔,进而会出现更多的尖峰。

      观察发现与液晶盒载体中的随机激光辐射谱有所不同,液晶盒载体中,随着泵浦能量的增大,随机激光峰强度伴随荧光辐射强度增大而增大。荧光辐射峰的FWHM约为几nm。随机激光峰分布在荧光辐射峰的鼓包上面[15],随机激光峰和荧光辐射峰强度差较小,说明由泵浦光激发样品产生的荧光辐射增强而出现随机激光。而PCF载体中,填充有液晶混合物的微孔周期性排列,使得荧光光子散射加强,利于形成反馈放大和出射随机激光。另外,图4(a)中,随机激光峰位显示了一定的周期性,峰的间距约为0.5 nm或1 nm。那么是否有回音壁模式(whispering gallery mode,WGM)激光输出呢?即荧光光子在PCF包层的圆周面上来回反射并得到干涉加强。由公式

      取激光辐射峰的中心位置波长$\lambda = 602$ nm,间距$\Delta \lambda {\rm{ = 1}}$ nm,折射率$n_e = 1.692$,计算得出$D_{cal} = 68.21$ μm,大于实际光子晶体光纤包层的直径$D_0{\rm{ = 62}}{\rm{.44}}$ μm。不符合WGM模式激光输出规律[16]。设置泵浦能量为210 μJ,探测角度为0°(光纤探头垂直光纤轴)、30°、45°、60°,测得激光辐射谱如图4(c)所示。可以看出激光辐射方向较广。WGM模式激光的特点为垂直光纤轴向方向出射,偏离光纤轴向方向强度急剧减弱,因此可以排除回音壁模式。当加热样品至液晶的各向同性温度时,发现随机激光峰消失,只能观察到荧光峰。在早期实验报道,全反射型PCF(中心为实芯)样品中也得到相同的结果[11]。这说明,填充液晶混合物的PCF载体中的随机激光辐射行为仍源于掺杂染料的液晶混合物,微孔周期性排列的PCF起到加强散射载体的作用。

    • 为进一步分析PCF载体的影响,由PCF样品端面入射,在另一端面测量激光辐射谱,并改变光纤样品的温度使液晶折射率发生变化。采用光纤耦合系统,将泵浦光精确对准光纤端面。泵浦能量为30 μJ,测量结果如图5所示,激光辐射谱580~605 nm,FWHM约为0.3 nm。加热PCF样品,当温度达到70 ℃时,液晶进入各向同性态($\Delta n = 0$),随机激光峰消失,只能看到较宽的荧光辐射峰。

      Figure 5.  Laser emission spectra on end face at different temperatures

      在PCF中,手性向列相液晶形成许多不同取向的微畴,导致取向顺序$[\delta S{\rm{ = }}S({{r}} + \delta {{r}}) - S({{r}}) \ne 0]$的空间不均匀性,从而使介电张量$[\delta \varepsilon = \varepsilon ({{r}} + \delta {{r}}) - \varepsilon ({{r}}) \ne 0]$。随着温度的升高,染料掺杂手性向列相液晶的螺距(P)将缩短,由公式(1)和(2)得,$l_{tr}$D将会减小,散射强度增强,随机激光强度增加。但同时,升温过程中液晶趋向于无序状态,此时所有不同取向的液晶微畴都重新取向,$\delta S$$\delta \varepsilon $会减小,$l_{tr}$D将会增加,导致散射强度减弱,随机激光强度降低。两种效应同时存在,使得样品在加热过程中随机激光峰强度不能单调增大或减小,呈现了先增大后减弱的趋势。这进一步说明,在PCF载体中,随机激光的产生源于液晶的强散射作用。

    • PCF的空气孔中注入手性向列相液晶和染料的混合物,在532 nm Nd: YAG固体脉冲激光器的泵浦作用下,侧面和端面均获得了随机激光辐射。侧面泵浦侧面出射的随机激光波长范围590~605 nm,FWHM约为0.3 nm。端面泵浦端面出射的随机激光波长范围为580~605 nm,FWHM约为0.3 nm。由激光辐射方向、随机激光峰位间距的特点,排除了WGM模式激光输出。从传输平均自由程和扩散常数的关系解释了随机激光峰值强度随泵浦能量的变化以及温度对随机激光峰值强度的影响。通过改变温度,可以控制出射激光的开和关。PCF载体中,随机激光仍源于染料掺杂液晶混合物。

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