Volume 50 Issue 1
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Guo Shangkun, Deng Jie, Zhou Jing, Zhang Donghai, Yu Yu, Deng Jia'nan, Cai Qingyuan, Li Zhifeng, Lu Wei, Chen Xiaoshuang. Progress on the study of two-dimensional material self-driven photoresponse enhancement by asymmetrically integrated plasmonic nanostructures (Invited)[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2021, 50(1): 20211011. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20211011
Citation: Guo Shangkun, Deng Jie, Zhou Jing, Zhang Donghai, Yu Yu, Deng Jia'nan, Cai Qingyuan, Li Zhifeng, Lu Wei, Chen Xiaoshuang. Progress on the study of two-dimensional material self-driven photoresponse enhancement by asymmetrically integrated plasmonic nanostructures (Invited)[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2021, 50(1): 20211011. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20211011

Progress on the study of two-dimensional material self-driven photoresponse enhancement by asymmetrically integrated plasmonic nanostructures (Invited)

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20211011
  • Received Date: 2020-11-10
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-12-15
  • Available Online: 2021-01-22
  • Publish Date: 2021-01-22
  • Metal-2D material-metal photodetectors is the most common type of 2D material photodetectors. Due to the simple structure and the ease of integration with other systems, metal-2D material-metal photodetectors have received the widest range of attentions and research interest. The self-driven mode of this type of photodetectors has very low dark current, and then it is regarded as a promising new route for high performance infrared detection. However, there are two bottleneck problems for self-driven metal-2D material-metal photodetectors: (1) photoresponse cancellation caused by antisymmetric 2D material-contact junctions, (2) low responsivity due to limited light absorption of 2D materials. The recent progress on the study of metal-2D material-metal photodetectors with asymmetrically integrated plasmonic nanostructures was introduced, where asymmetrical light coupling was utilized to break the anti-symmetry between the photocurrents at the two contact-2D material junctions for self-driven net photoresponse, and the induced strong local field was utilized to enhance the absorptance and the responsivity of the 2D material. In the hybrid device of graphene and plasmonic nanocavities, the contrast between photoresponses at the two contacts is more than 100 times, which breaks through the problem of photoresponse cancellation caused by symmetric optical coupling. Due to the superior capability to couple the incident light into a localized mode, the plasmonic nanocavity can enhance the responsivity of graphene over one order of magnitude higher than a subwavelength metal grating.
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    [12] Liu Y, Cheng R, Liao L, et al. Plasmon resonance enhanced multicolour photodetection by graphene [J]. Nature Communications, 2011, 2(1): 579.
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    [14] Echtermeyer T J, Britnell L, Jasnos P K, et al. Strong plasmonic enhancement of photovoltage in graphene [J]. Nature Communications, 2011, 2(1): 458.
    [15] Chakraborty C, Beams R, Goodfellow K M, et al. Optical antenna enhanced graphene photodetector [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, 105(24): 241114.
    [16] Shautsova V, Sidiropoulos T, Xiao X, et al. Plasmon induced thermoelectric effect in graphene [J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 5190.
    [17] Hou C, Wang Y, Yang L, et al. Position sensitivity of optical nano-antenna arrays on optoelectronic devices [J]. Nano Energy, 2018, 53: 734-744.
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    [19] Engel M, Steiner M, Lombardo A, et al. Light–matter interaction in a microcavity-controlled graphene transistor [J]. Nature Communications, 2012, 3(1): 906.
    [20] Wang X, Cheng Z, Xu K, et al. High-responsivity graphene/silicon-heterostructure waveguide photodetectors [J]. Nature Photonics, 2013, 7(11): 888-891.
    [21] Pospischil A, Humer M, Furchi M M, et al. CMOS-compatible graphene photodetector covering all optical communication bands [J]. Nature Photonics, 2013, 7(11): 892-896.
    [22] Gan X, Shiue R-J, Gao Y, et al. Chip-integrated ultrafast graphene photodetector with high responsivity [J]. Nature Photonics, 2013, 7(11): 883-887.
    [23] Le Perchec J, Desieres Y, Espiau de Lamaestre R. Plasmon-based photosensors comprising a very thin semiconducting region [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 94(18): 181104.
    [24] Song S, Chen Q, Jin L, et al. Great light absorption enhancement in a graphene photodetector integrated with a metamaterial perfect absorber [J]. Nanoscale, 2013, 5(20): 9615.
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    [29] Guo, S, Zhang, D, Zhou, J, et al. Enhanced infrared photoresponse induced by symmetry breaking in a hybrid structure of graphene and plasmonic nanocavities [J]. Carbon, 2020, 170: 49-58.
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Progress on the study of two-dimensional material self-driven photoresponse enhancement by asymmetrically integrated plasmonic nanostructures (Invited)

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20211011
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China

Abstract: Metal-2D material-metal photodetectors is the most common type of 2D material photodetectors. Due to the simple structure and the ease of integration with other systems, metal-2D material-metal photodetectors have received the widest range of attentions and research interest. The self-driven mode of this type of photodetectors has very low dark current, and then it is regarded as a promising new route for high performance infrared detection. However, there are two bottleneck problems for self-driven metal-2D material-metal photodetectors: (1) photoresponse cancellation caused by antisymmetric 2D material-contact junctions, (2) low responsivity due to limited light absorption of 2D materials. The recent progress on the study of metal-2D material-metal photodetectors with asymmetrically integrated plasmonic nanostructures was introduced, where asymmetrical light coupling was utilized to break the anti-symmetry between the photocurrents at the two contact-2D material junctions for self-driven net photoresponse, and the induced strong local field was utilized to enhance the absorptance and the responsivity of the 2D material. In the hybrid device of graphene and plasmonic nanocavities, the contrast between photoresponses at the two contacts is more than 100 times, which breaks through the problem of photoresponse cancellation caused by symmetric optical coupling. Due to the superior capability to couple the incident light into a localized mode, the plasmonic nanocavity can enhance the responsivity of graphene over one order of magnitude higher than a subwavelength metal grating.

    • 在过去的十几年里,新兴的二维层状材料促进了新型光电探测器的发展[1]。不同的二维材料通常具有不同带隙,覆盖了目前传统块状半导体材料所不能达到的几乎所有感兴趣的波长[1]。二维材料超薄的厚度使其静电调控的效果突出,局域栅压能够耗尽绝大多数本征载流子,抑制暗电流。另外,二维材料能够与绝大多数衬底以及其他二维材料进行集成和堆叠,而不用考虑传统材料晶格匹配的苛刻限制。再加上其制造工艺与目前的半导体技术兼容,二维材料在光电探测领域具有很大的应用前景。作为第一种被广泛研究的二维材料光电探测器[1],金属-二维材料-金属(Metal-2D Material-metal, M2M)光电探测器的结构类似于二维材料场效应晶体管。在零偏压操作下,自驱动光响应通常由金属-二维材料边界的局部光照产生,因为那里存在肖特基结[25]。其机制可能是光伏(PV)或光热电效应(PTE),这取决于入射波长以及二维材料的掺杂情况[25]。简单的体系结构允许这种类型的器件与其他系统兼容集成。因此,M2M光电探测器在实际应用中得到了广泛的研究。虽然这种器件的优点是显而易见的,但其自驱动模式存在两个瓶颈问题:1)在均匀的泛光照明下,没有净的自驱动光响应;2)由于结区的低光吸收,光响应有限。第一个问题是由于两个对称的电极-二维材料肖特基结区处的光电流大小相近,方向相反。许多研究致力于打破对称性,包括在沟道中进行不同的掺杂以形成结、使二维材料与异种金属接触、使二维材料与另一种材料形成异质结[610]。到目前为止,还没有可靠的二维材料掺杂方法,而且所有其他结构都需要复杂的制造工艺,从而增加二维材料损伤的风险。第二个问题来自于入射光的波长与二维材料原子厚度之间的巨大不匹配,这严重限制了光与物质相互作用的光学长度。纳米光子结构具有在亚波长尺度上产生强光场的能力,已被证明有望增强二维材料的吸收和光响应[1116]。随着对器件工作原理的深入理解,笔者将根据光响应机理对器件结构上的光与物质相互作用进行更精细的控制,以获得更好的性能改进。对于M2M器件,需要一种能够增强光与物质在一个电极的相互作用而抑制光与物质在另一个电极的相互作用的纳米光子结构。此外,纳米光子结构应与器件很好地兼容,不应干扰其他功能,如栅控。近年来,人们尝试使用非对称集成的等离激元纳米结构同时解决这两个瓶颈问题。如表1所示,Echtermeyer T J等人通过在石墨烯上制备亚波长金属光栅,将石墨烯与等离激元纳米结构结合,在可见光波段获得了20倍的两端电极处光响应的差异[14];Shautsova V等人制备了等离激元纳米天线通过非对称分布,从而在石墨烯沟道上产生较大的电子温度梯度,极大地增强了PTE产生的光电流,在天线集成的电极附近的响应率得到了明显提高,比没有天线集成的电极附近的光响应提高了约5倍[16];Hou C等人通过光学纳米五聚体天线集成少层二硫化钼,实现了增强少层二硫化钼的近红外探测,通过研究光学纳米天线的位置分布,发现了光学天线集成的金属电极与无光学天线集成的金属电极处的光响应对比度为2.54倍[17]。结果表明,M2M器件在泛光照明下具有显著的自驱动光响应。与增强石墨烯光吸收的其他光子结构相比[1115, 1822],等离激元纳米谐振腔可以提供更有效的耦合、不灵敏的角度依赖性以及与M2M器件结构更好的兼容性[2326]。近期,笔者课题组提出并实现了二维材料与等离激元纳米谐振腔的复合结构,并获得了两个电极处的光响应对比度超过100倍。其在泛光照射下的净响应率比金属光栅集成石墨烯的响应率高出一个数量级以上。后者是石墨烯吸收增强的常用结构。

      Plasmonic structuresPhotoresponse contrast ratio at the
      two contact-graphene junctions
      Ref.
      Subwavelength metal grating20[14]
      Plasmonic nano-patch5[16]
      Nano pentamer antenna2.54[17]
      Plasmonic-nanocavity105This work

      Table 1.  Comparison between asymmetrically integrated plasmonic structures

    • 由于石墨烯和金属功函数不同,在电极接触区域会产生p-n结。当两端电极对称分布时,泛光照射下,石墨烯与金属接触区域产生大小相近、方向相反的光电流,相互抵消,导致器件净响应为零。利用亚波长金属光栅结构放置在一端电极附近,如图1(a)1(b)所示,是一种克服泛光照射下器件净响应为零的方法。入射光被这种亚波长金属光栅集成结构吸收后,可以有效地转化为等离激元共振,从而导致局部光场的显著增强。这种增强的局域光场正好位于金属-石墨烯形成的p-n结区域,显著提高了石墨烯光电探测器的性能。用波长为514 nm的激光对亚波长金属光栅集成结构进行光响应表征,光电压分布如图1(c)所示。激光偏振方向为图1(b)中的TR方向。当激光光束照射在亚波长金属光栅尖端时,器件产生最大光电压。这是因为在这个区域既具有较大的电子能带弯曲,同时又实现了光场增强。在金属条带中间虽然存在光场的增强,但是光响应较金属条带尖端弱很多,这是由于相邻金属较近的距离引起能带弯曲明显减小。对器件响应最大位置处进行进一步的不同波长电学表征发现,入射波长为514 nm时光响应最大,如图1(d)所示,两端电极处光响应的差异最高可达到20倍[14]

      Figure 1.  (a) Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the graphene devices with plasmonic nanostructures (Blue, graphene; purple, SiO2 (300 nm); yellow, Ti/Au electrodes. Scale bar, 20 μm); (b) SEM image of the metal strip array (L and TR incident light polarizations are indicated. Scale bar, 1 μm); (c) Photovoltage maps of one of the nanostructured contacts (The incident wavelength is 514 nm, TR polarization, the line width is 110 nm and the period is 300 nm); (d) Normalized photocurrent and maximum enhancement coefficient[14]

    • 石墨烯结区的光响应具有两种相互竞争的光电流产生机制:一种是传统的光伏效应,另一种是更为主要的热载流子辅助PTE效应。一般而言,PTE效应依赖于通过石墨烯掺杂引起的塞贝克系数的变化。但是在电子温度梯度存在的条件下,第二种PTE效应可以发生在均匀石墨烯沟道上。理论上,当金属-石墨烯-金属器件的一侧被光照射时,跨沟道的电子温度梯度就会出现。Shautsova V等人设计了一种非对称电极分布的石墨烯器件,如图2(a)2(b)所示,其中一个电极集成等离激元纳米天线,用来产生贯穿石墨烯沟道的电子温度梯度。在纳米天线结构等离激元激发下,纳米天线周围产生局域增强的电磁场,如图2(c)所示,这极大地改善了纳米天线周围石墨烯的光吸收,引起了石墨烯局部载流子加热。这种等离激元纳米天线在偏振光作用下,分别支持纵向(L)共振和横向(TR)共振。其中,研究数据基于L共振,共振波长发生在700 nm左右,如图2(e)所示。在电极集成等离激元纳米天线处出现散射增强。从图2(d)所示的暗场显微图像可以明显看出这一点。在500~900 nm的不同激发波长下重复测量光电压。在波长为700 nm的入射光照射到等离激元纳米天线时,石墨烯光响应最大。这些实验结果也与积分电磁场的计算结果非常吻合,如图2(f)所示。在器件的探测性能方面,在等离激元纳米天线的作用下,器件在共振波长处的响应率得到了很大的提高,在纳米天线集成电极附近的响应率比没有纳米天线集成的电极附近的光响应提高了约5倍[16]

      Figure 2.  (a) Schematic of the graphene device with plasmonic and nonplasmonic contacts; (b) Scanning electron microscopic image of the device (upper panel, scale bar is 2 μm) and graphene/Au nanostructures (lower panel, scale bar is 300 nm); (c) Calculated electromagnetic field distributions for longitudinal (L) and transverse (TR) polarization at 740 nm; (d) Dark field microscopic image of the graphene device with plasmonic (left) and nonplasmonic contacts (right); (e) Photovoltage line scans across the device in the direction indicated by the arrow in (d) taken at different excitation wavelengths; (f) Calculated line scan of the integrated electromagnetic field[16]

    • 设计光学纳米天线用于提高光能的收集效率在光探测方面具有重要的应用价值。光学纳米天线在光激发后形成的表面等离激元,在深亚波长体积中具有强烈的光聚焦特性,能够将自由传播的辐射能量转换为纳米尺度的局域能量。因此,可以利用光学纳米五聚体天线来增强光电器件中的光耦合效率。然而,如何优化单个光学纳米天线和二维层状材料的集成结构以实现更有效的光电探测,这一关键问题仍处于探索阶段。任意和全沟道布置光学纳米天线对光电探测是不利的,要合理地将纳米天线放置到能够产生自驱动光响应的区域,以便能更有效地收集热载流子。Hou C等人通过制备光学纳米五聚体天线阵列来研究不同天线位置对少层二硫化钼近红外光探测的敏感性。图3(a)所示为近红外五聚体天线阵列集成少层二硫化钼器件的SEM图像,其中光学纳米五聚体天线是由四个轴对称的金纳米圆盘以及围绕在中心的单个圆盘组成,每个小圆盘之间存在一定小间隙,如图3(b)所示。利用波长为830 nm的近红外激光激发光学纳米五聚体天线的表面等离激元共振。理论仿真发现通过激发五聚体纳米间隙的局域表面等离激元共振可以进一步增强光学天线的光吸收,如图3(c)所示。用激光对器件不同位置进行精确扫描发现,其光电流对位置的变化是反对称的,如图3(d)所示,在有纳米五聚体天线附近的耗尽区(位置3: ~165 nA)产生的光电流是没有纳米天线另一端电极(位置7:~65 nA)的2.54倍。这种对比差异使其能在泛光照射下产生净电流[17]

      Figure 3.  (a) SEM image of the MoS2 photodetector (The scale bar represents 5.0 μm); (b) Enlarged SEM top view of a single optical nano-antenna (The scale bar represents 100 nm); (c) Top view (xy plane) of the electric field distribution of an Au nano-antenna array under light excitation at 830 nm; (d) Comparison of the photocurrents measured with the incident laser beam at different positions[26]

    • 由于等离激元纳米谐振腔可以提供更有效的耦合、不灵敏的角度依赖性以及与M2M器件结构更好的兼容性[2326],笔者课题组提出并实现了二维材料与等离激元纳米谐振腔的复合结构。一个典型的等离激元纳米谐振腔由金属底面、介质间隔层和顶部金属条带组成。当石墨烯层插入介质间隔层上方和顶部金属条带下方,该结构与M2M晶体管一致,如图4(a)所示。底部金属平面作为等离激元纳米谐振腔的反射镜,也作为晶体管的栅极。这两种情况下都需要介质间隔层。顶部金属条带可同时作为电极的延伸部分。如图4(b)所示,当由介质间隔层隔开的两个金属表面之间的等离激元波导模式满足法布里-珀罗共振条件,等离激元纳米谐振腔与入射光发生共振,在腔内产生增强的局域场[27-28]。介电间隔层上方的石墨烯会与局域光场发生强烈的相互作用,因此,石墨烯的吸收会显著增强。通过适当调整条带宽度、周期和介电层厚度,入射光可以被石墨烯或金属完全捕获(无反射)和吸收。在笔者的器件[29-30]中,底部金属平面是由金制成的。介质间隔层是30 nm厚的Al2O3层,顶部条带由Cr(5 nm)/Au(40 nm)组成。如图4(a)所示,在x方向上伸长的条带阵列仅与漏极电极集成。

      Figure 4.  (a) Sketch of the graphene and plasmonic nanocavity hybrid structure; (b) Sketch of a single plasmonic nanocavity with graphene (The channel length of the device is 20 μm); (c) Photoresponsivity as a function of the laser spot illuminating position for polarizations perpendicular and parallel to the x-axis (The laser wavelength is 1.55 μm, the spot size is about 2.25 μm, and the power is 2.18 mW); (d) Measured self-driven photoresponse spectra of the two devices (The channel lengths of both devices are 10 μm); (e) Photovoltage as a function of the gating voltage; (f) Photoresponse spectra of the four devices (Each of the four hybrid devices has a different metal patch width: 215, 237, 256 and 283 nm. The period is kept the same: ~590 nm)[29]

      利用激光诱导的光电压扫描测量技术对复合结构的光响应进行了表征。为了对器件结构精细表征,制备了大尺寸长沟道器件,如图4(c)中的SEM图像所示,器件沟道为20 μm。利用显微镜将激光束聚焦到一个小光斑上,以实现局部光激发,激光光斑直径为2.25 μm。通过激光点扫描沟道,记录光电压作为照明位置的函数,如图4(c)所示。红线表示入射光垂直于x轴的偏振,黑线表示平行于x轴的偏振。在每种情况下,在石墨烯肖特基结附近观察到更强的光响应,例如源极电极与石墨烯接触边界在x=−10 μm左右,而漏极电极由天线延伸与石墨烯接触边界在x=0 μm左右。作为两种主要机制,PV和PTE效应都需要能带弯曲。由于金属和石墨烯的功函数不同,通常在接触面附近产生能带弯曲区,因此在电极石墨烯肖特基结处通常观察到较强的光响应。当入射光垂直于x轴偏振时,等离激元纳米谐振腔可以被有效地激发,入射光被有效地转换成与石墨烯强烈相互作用的局域模式。根据光电压扫描(图4中的红线),天线集成电极触点处的光响应(约x=0 μm)比没有顶部金属条带的另一个电极接触点的光响应高100多倍(约x=−10 μm)。这种高对比度不仅是由于天线集成电极触点处增强的光响应,而且是由于在没有顶部金属条带的另一侧电极处抑制光响应。在没有顶部金属条带的情况下,等离激元纳米谐振腔(图4(b))不再存在,因为金属平面附近不允许存在切向电场,底部金属平面显著抑制石墨烯层的光场。此外,100倍的对比度也是由等离激元纳米谐振腔集成电极接触处的边界延长造成的。这种效应是由入射光沿x轴偏振的光响应扫描揭示的(图4(c)中的黑线)。在这种情况下,等离激元纳米谐振腔不工作。因此,纳米谐振腔集成电极(约x=0 μm)处的光响应与另一侧电极接触处(约x=−10 μm)的光响应之间的3~4倍差异归因于延长的边界线效应。

      基于两个电极的高对比度,可以预期泛光照明下的自驱动光响应。用大激光光斑(~12 μm)来表征具有非对称集成等离激元纳米谐振腔的M2M结构器件的特征。为了实现激光覆盖整个器件,制备了沟道长度为10 μm的器件,这样入射光斑将完全覆盖两个电极。如4(d)所示,获得了相当大的自驱动光响应。由于纳米谐振腔的影响,光响应表现出共振行为。相比之下,在SiO2(300 nm)/Si衬底上非对称集成亚波长金属光栅的M2M结构在大光斑的照射下也表现出了净的自驱动光响应,但其响应率远低于石墨烯和等离激元纳米谐振腔复合结构。在等离激元纳米谐振腔复合结构共振波长处,两种器件的响应率相差10倍以上。对于具有对称结构的普通M2M器件,该测量没有信号。

      通过栅控光电压测量,发现等离激元纳米谐振腔复合结构器件的光响应机理可以用光激发热载流子的PTE效应来解释。依赖Vg的光电压(Vph)如图4(e)所示。随着Vg的增加,Vph先增加,在达到最大值后,Vph迅速下降到接近零的最小值,然后它会迅速反弹,这种现象可以用光激发热载流子的PTE效应来解释[29]。通过调节决定腔长的金属条带的宽度,可以调节等离激元纳米谐振腔集成石墨烯的光响应光谱。图4(f)展示了四种具有不同金属条宽度的复合结构所对应的光响应光谱。随着金属条宽度从215 nm增加到283 nm,光响应峰由1.30 μm红移到1.65 μm,这充分表明该复合结构的共振行为是可控的[29]

    • 金属-二维材料-金属(M2M)作为最常见的二维材料光探测器件的结构,其自驱动光响应模式受到广泛关注。为了解决泛光照射下净光响应为零以及二维材料光吸收率过低的两个瓶颈问题,人们把亚波长金属光栅、纳米天线等离激元纳米结构与M2M结构进行非对称集成,通过激发局域强光场提高等离激元纳米结构附近的二维材料的光吸收率和响应率,形成非对称光耦合,打破泛光照射下二维材料与两端电极接触区域产生的光电流的对称性,并且同时改善二维材料光吸收率低的问题,给此类器件的自驱动光探测模式提供了新的发展思路。笔者课题组提出并实现了二维材料与等离激元纳米谐振腔的复合结构,并获得了两个电极处的光响应对比度超过100倍,超越了之前的所有的等离激元结构非对称光耦合的效果。该器件在泛光照射下等离激元纳米谐振腔集成石墨烯的净响应率比金属光栅集成石墨烯的响应率高出一个数量级以上。

      近年来,利用光子结构调控二维材料光耦合,从而改善器件性能,甚至实现新的功能,正成为研究热点。基于等离激元纳米结构把入射光转化成为空间尺度与二维材料匹配的深亚波长局域光场的特性,通过等离激元纳米结构与二维材料的集成根据器件的特性调控光耦合是高性能二维材料光探测器件的发展方向。未来如何在光调控的基础上兼顾电调控,使集成的等离激元结构具有光-电联合调控的能力,从而实现二维材料红外探测技术的革新式发展是具有挑战性、也是具有重要意义的问题。

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