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Guan Liwei, Lu Yu, He Zhijie, Chen Xi. Design and development of an intelligent security alarm system based on optical fiber sensing[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2022, 51(8): 20220028. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220028
Citation: Guan Liwei, Lu Yu, He Zhijie, Chen Xi. Design and development of an intelligent security alarm system based on optical fiber sensing[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2022, 51(8): 20220028. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220028

Design and development of an intelligent security alarm system based on optical fiber sensing

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220028
Funds:  Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Department Industrial Guidance Project(2020Y0021)
  • Received Date: 2022-01-09
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-01-25
  • Accepted Date: 2022-02-10
  • Publish Date: 2022-08-31
  • Aiming at the defects of high energy consumption, susceptibility to electromagnetic interference, high cost and difficulty in laying of existing security sensor systems, a smart optical fiber sensor security alarm system with low energy consumption, high sensitivity and no electromagnetic interference is proposed. The system sensor adopts a microbent-type step fiber structure. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the optical energy loss of the microbent fiber sensor and the relative refractive index difference function of the resonant frequency, the structural parameters of the sensing unit are optimized. The experiment first tested the interference suppression algorithm. From the waveform distribution, it can be seen that the noise is greatly suppressed after using this algorithm. On this basis, the system was used to test the interference of different pseudotargets. A 650.0 nm laser with a power of 2.5 mW, a fiber power meter, a microbend fiber holder and a microbend fiber sensor with a core of 9 μm were selected to build a fiber microbend sensing experiment, and the photoelectric response characteristics of 4 different security states were determined. analyse. The results show that as long as the corresponding signal analysis methods are adopted for different interference types, the probability of system misrecognition can be effectively reduced. It can be seen that the optical fiber microbend sensing system has the advantages of high sensitivity, low energy consumption, anti-interference, etc., and meets the design requirements. It has good application prospects in the field of intelligent security.
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Design and development of an intelligent security alarm system based on optical fiber sensing

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220028
  • 1. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
  • 2. Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 3. Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Solar Energy Conversion and Energy Storage, Fuzhou 350117, China
Fund Project:  Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Department Industrial Guidance Project(2020Y0021)

Abstract: Aiming at the defects of high energy consumption, susceptibility to electromagnetic interference, high cost and difficulty in laying of existing security sensor systems, a smart optical fiber sensor security alarm system with low energy consumption, high sensitivity and no electromagnetic interference is proposed. The system sensor adopts a microbent-type step fiber structure. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the optical energy loss of the microbent fiber sensor and the relative refractive index difference function of the resonant frequency, the structural parameters of the sensing unit are optimized. The experiment first tested the interference suppression algorithm. From the waveform distribution, it can be seen that the noise is greatly suppressed after using this algorithm. On this basis, the system was used to test the interference of different pseudotargets. A 650.0 nm laser with a power of 2.5 mW, a fiber power meter, a microbend fiber holder and a microbend fiber sensor with a core of 9 μm were selected to build a fiber microbend sensing experiment, and the photoelectric response characteristics of 4 different security states were determined. analyse. The results show that as long as the corresponding signal analysis methods are adopted for different interference types, the probability of system misrecognition can be effectively reduced. It can be seen that the optical fiber microbend sensing system has the advantages of high sensitivity, low energy consumption, anti-interference, etc., and meets the design requirements. It has good application prospects in the field of intelligent security.

    • 光纤传感技术始于20世纪70年代,由于其高精度、能耗低、结构小巧等诸多优势,成为了对应力应变、加速度、振动等物理量的主要传感手段。 因此在国防安全、精密仪器测量、土木工程、智慧医疗等领域有着广泛应用[1-4]

      传统安防报警系统主要有红外线对射、微波探测等方式,虽然达到了一定的安防效果,但缺乏隐蔽性,并且就测试区域的视场要求较高[5]。2016年,华中科技大学研制了一种纵向微结构光纤压力传感系统,其纵向微结构的压力灵敏度为1.03×10−3 nm/MPa,相比于裸光纤光栅而言,其灵敏度提升500多倍。Yang X F等人[6]采用小波理论与压缩感知的方式获取奇异值的分解量,从而通过图像特征进行稀疏表示,最终提高了安防图像的信噪比。Liu Y等人[7]设计了基于离散余弦变换的扰动信号分析算法,实现了对安防信号中噪声的有效抑制。张永康等人[8]提出了一种将光纤入射检测与模式识别算法相结合的方式,在信号提取中可以有效降低伪目标的干扰。张旭苹等人[9]利用Φ-OTDR技术对光纤周围的实时回波信号进行分析,由于相位敏感时域反射技术具有极高的灵敏度,所以其具有检测能力强的优势。黄翔东等人[10]将光纤安防感知技术与ARMA建模进行结合,从而利用支持向量机算法对各种不同类型的振动信号进行分离,实验结果显示其入侵识别率可达87.14%。邹柏贤等人[11]研究了信号中的特征信息的提取方法,通过对事件重要程度的划分实现了权值分配,从而采用三维图形可视化的方法提高了目标识别概率,系统检测能力提升约14.3%。

      综上所述,系统的安防能力取决于两个方面:一方面是信号处理算法的优劣[12],另一方面是传感器的性能[13],由此,文中提出了一种基于微弯型阶跃光纤结构的传感模块,同时设计了与之对应的分区敏感对应算法。实现了高灵敏、高抗干扰的智能安防系统。

    • 微弯型光纤传感报警器的原理结构如图1所示。当光纤发生弯曲时,由于其全反射条件被破坏,纤芯中传播的某些模式光束进入包层,造成光纤中的能量损耗,光功率减小,阻值增大,此时电路1中电流减小,电磁继电器磁力减小,引发衔铁回弹,电路2接通触发报警器报警。

      Figure 1.  Working principle diagram of optical fiber sensor alarm

      近似将光纤看成是正旋微弯,其弯曲函数[14]为:

      光纤由于弯曲产生的光能损耗系数为:

      式中:$ {\omega _c} $称为谐振频率。

      式中:Ac为谐振波长;ββ ′为纤芯中两个模式的传播常数。当ω=ωc时,这两个模式的光功率耦合特别紧,因而损耗也增大[15]。如果选择相邻的两个模式,对光纤折射率为平方律分布的多模光纤可得:

      式中:r为光纤半径;Δ为纤芯与包层之间的相对折射率差。由公式(3)和(4)可得:

    • 从功能角度,系统需要具备识别入侵信号,并完成报警的能力,而从数据分析角度,系统需要通过具有对各种伪目标剔除的能力。

      所以,首先设计系统实现的技术路线。若光纤发生弯曲,光纤传输功率会降低,光敏电阻阻值增大,电磁继电器磁性减弱导致衔铁回弹,此时触发报警器报警。若光纤没有产生微弯则功率值不变,报警器不会响铃,整个过程流程图如图2所示。其次,设计解决造成目标误判的分析算法,其数据处理思路主要有三点。

      Figure 2.  Technology roadmap of optical fiber sensor alarm

      在以上光纤传感报警系统的基础上,重点需要解决的问题就是干扰造成的误报警问题,例如人员在附近走动但未进入报警区域、小型动物进入报警区域以及附近不同类型施工振动等。根据系统结构设计了与之对应的干扰抑制算法。

      (1) 光纤回波信号滤波,由于光纤安防网络是用于对人为入侵设计的,所以通过带通滤波实现对高于fmax或低于fmin目标频率的噪声进行抑制,fmax表征尖锐噪声,例如测试区域附件炮声、大型机械撞击振动等,fmin表征缓变噪声,例如与预警区域较近的行人走动等;

      (2) 滤波后的数据还需要对近似噪声进行消除,例如小型动物对光纤网络的影响,采用数据特征分析的方式实现,对时间持续性T和验算位置轨迹G(x, y)进行分析,因为人为入侵往往具有明确轨迹趋势和持续时间,故采用设定T阈值G阈值可以有效分离该类数据中的伪目标;

      (3) 对入侵目标信号叠加提升目标识别信噪比,对两级去噪后数据进行周期性分析,将含有周期性的信号进行叠加,从而对同频入侵信号进行增强。

    • 微弯测试光路如图3所示,包含四个部分:光源(功率2.5 mW,波长650 nm)、功率计、微弯光纤(光纤纤芯9.0 μm)、微弯光纤架。两光纤端头分别接光源和功率计,光源电流67.5 mA,功率计档位调制20.0 mW。将85 mm的光纤固定在微弯光纤架上,固定好之后光纤可以自由活动。实验中观察功率计示数和纵向丝杆的读数,从而获得不同入侵程度的响应。

      Figure 3.  Optical fiber microbending sensor experimental device

    • 光纤弯曲功率随位移变化关系如图4所示,当光纤没有发生弯曲时输出功率为1.0 mW。随着光纤弯曲程度加大,光功率变化趋势明显。

      Figure 4.  Variation of fiber bending power with displacement

      图4可以看出,在位移调制范围0~3 mm内,光纤微弯的损耗基本呈线性规律, 由于实验误差也会存在个别测试点位偏离的现象。 实现了对光功率的线性调制,进而即可达到智能化入侵报警、系统联动等功能。依据实验数据进行曲线拟合,可得拟合方程为:

      式中:x为位移;y为光功率。 由实验结果可知采用光纤微弯传感方式可以制作高灵敏报警系统,实验结果满足设计要求。

      对于非线性区域部分,可以采用建立校样数据表的方式,因为当位移量超过0.5 mm时就属于较大唯一偏差的状态,这时的系统响应明显,所以不需要通过写入细致变化量进行分析,从而采用阈值判断方式时效性更好。

    • 为了对比采用滤波前后的回波信号,分析算法对非信号频率噪声的抑制能力,给出了原始信号在干扰抑制算法解调前后的波形,如图5所示。

      Figure 5.  Comparison before and after signal demodulation

      图5(a)和(b)对比可知,经过滤波后,在有效信号窗以外的噪声被大幅抑制,信号变得清晰可见,同时,信号振幅基本没有太大的衰减。其中振幅最大值为63.4,最小值为−47.3,主波脉宽约42.2 ms,主次峰间距56.1 ms。由此可见,该干扰抑制算法具有很好的噪声抑制能力。

      虽然大幅噪声可以通过频率窗进行抑制,但是滤波后仍会存在一些小幅的噪声,分析认为由于噪声频率是分布于所有频段上的,所以采用频率窗滤波同样会有部分噪声保留,但是这个噪声并不影响系统获取信号,因为该噪声振幅相比信号小很多,可以通过阈值滤波的方式消除。

    • 为了提高预警准确度,首先需要对干扰项进行分析,入侵测试中最容易产生误判的四种情况是:(1)情况a,附近存在施工机械,机械对地面有敲击、挖掘等动作,从而使光纤传感网络产生振动,实验采用5 m远位置;(2)情况b,人员经过警戒区域附近,虽没有进入预警区域,但振动幅度导致系统响应,实验采用2 m远位置;(3)情况c,有车辆从预警区域外围附近经过,实验采用5 m远位置;(4)情况d,有小动物进入预警区域,结果如图6所示。

      Figure 6.  Signal distribution under different interference conditions

      图6(a)可知,虽然响应信号明显,但相比人入侵的波形图5(b)而言,其波形结构为一个频率较大的主波构成,主峰脉宽21.3 ms,基本没有连续的旁瓣波;由图6(b)看出,其波形分布也是明显具有旁瓣波,与人入侵的波形分布非常相似,但是其振幅均值明显偏小,振幅最大值为38.9,最小值为−28.7,在数据分析过程中只需要采用阈值滤波的方式就能排除该种误识别的情况(振幅是探测信号和本振信号的比值与标定系数的乘积,通过比例值抑制绝对值分析时粗大噪声对真实信号的影响。由图6(c)可见,虽然响应信号较大,超过测试阈值,但是高于阈值信号的信号时长远大于人入侵条件下的时长,持续时长148 ms,由此采用阈值时间作为分离依据的方式就能够将其排除;由图6(d),无论振幅强度和分布特性均与人入侵有所不同,采用振幅阈值和时间阈值均能够有效抑制该类噪声。综上所述,采用该系统可以快速有效地对入侵状态进行判断与识别,从而做出正确的预警。

    • 文中提出了一种基于微弯型阶跃光纤结构的安防传感网络,并设计了与之对应的干扰抑制算法。实验对滤波解调前后进行了对比,发现采用本算法可以大幅抑制多余噪声。在对四种容易产生误识别的状态进行测试后,得出了根据回波振幅与脉宽的组合信息完成目标识别的思路。分析了不同状态对应的振幅极值和脉宽持续时间,验证了系统的可行性。该系统在安防检测领域具有一定的应用优势。

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