Volume 51 Issue 9
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Yu Qiuyue, Zhou Xiaohua, Wang Guoyan, Qiao Guobao, Lv Tianbin, Zhang Zhaojian, Wang Jinghua, Shao Jianye, Cheng Yuntao. Reduction of grid effect in ultra-light mirror machining by inflatable balanced method (invited)[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2022, 51(9): 20220389. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220389
Citation: Yu Qiuyue, Zhou Xiaohua, Wang Guoyan, Qiao Guobao, Lv Tianbin, Zhang Zhaojian, Wang Jinghua, Shao Jianye, Cheng Yuntao. Reduction of grid effect in ultra-light mirror machining by inflatable balanced method (invited)[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2022, 51(9): 20220389. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220389

Reduction of grid effect in ultra-light mirror machining by inflatable balanced method (invited)

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220389
  • Received Date: 2022-06-07
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-08-24
  • Publish Date: 2022-09-28
  • For the mirror with traditional honeycomb sandwich structure, due to the existence of grid effect in the processing, the thickness of the mirror panel and the honeycomb size are correlated with each other, which seriously affects the lightweight design of the mirror. Aiming at the ultra-light mirror with honeycomb sandwich structure, an inflatable balanced processing method to reduce the grid effect was proposed. By using the control variable method to design test, the changes of grid effect under normal processing and inflatable balanced processing were compared. The experimental results show that when the mirror surface precision RMS reached more than 1/10λ (λ=632.8 nm), there is an obvious grid effect in the normal processing without inflation, but not in the inflatable balanced processing. It could be seen that inflating the inside of the mirror could effectively balance the processing pressure and make the deformation of the reinforced area and the non-reinforced area tend to be the same during processing, so as to effectively reduce the grid effect.
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    [3] Yang Qiushi, Zhang Jiyou, Yu Jianhai, et al. Research on error analysis of support deformation for large aperture space mirrors [J]. Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 2020, 41(3): 60-70. (in Chinese) doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1009-8518.2020.03.007
    [4] Zhang Bowen, Wang Xiaoyong, Zhao Ye, et al. Progress of support technique of space-based large aperture mirror [J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2018, 47(11): 1113001. (in Chinese)
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    [8] Lang Ming, Hu Rui, Zhang Yuanyuan, et al. Lightweight structure optimization of a 3 m class large aperture space optical primary mirror [J]. Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 2020, 41(5): 55-63. (in Chinese)
    [9] Gong Hui, Lian Huadong. Preliminary study on backside structure of large-aperture double-arch SiC mirror [J]. Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 2010, 31(4): 32-37. (in Chinese) doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1009-8518.2010.04.006
    [10] 刘海涛. 能动磨盘加工大口径非球面关键技术研究[D]. 成都: 中国科学院光电技术研究所, 2014.

    Liu Haitao. Key technique of computer controlled active lap in fabrication of large aspherics[D]. Chengdu: Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2014. (in Chinese)
    [11] Baiocchi D, Burge J H. Optimized active, lightweight space mirrors [C]//Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2004, 5166: 49-57.
    [12] 杜航. 空间大口径非球面 SiC 反射镜高效高精度加工关键技术研究[D]. 长沙: 国防科技大学, 2018.

    Du Hang. Research on key technology of high efficiency and high precision manufacturing of space large scale SiC aspheric mirrors[D]. Changsha: National University of Defense Technology, 2018. (in Chinese)
    [13] Wang Kejun, Dong Jihong. Structural design of Ф2 m-level large-diameter SiC reflector used in space remote sensor [J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2017, 7(46): 0718005. (in Chinese)
    [14] Yoder Jr P R. 光机系统设计: 3 版[M]. 周海宪, 程云芳, 译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2008.

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    [15] Vukobratovich D. Lightweight Mirror Design [M]//Ahmad A. Handbook of Opto-mechanical Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997.
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Reduction of grid effect in ultra-light mirror machining by inflatable balanced method (invited)

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220389
  • 1. Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2. Institute of Optics-Electronics, Chinase Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China

Abstract: For the mirror with traditional honeycomb sandwich structure, due to the existence of grid effect in the processing, the thickness of the mirror panel and the honeycomb size are correlated with each other, which seriously affects the lightweight design of the mirror. Aiming at the ultra-light mirror with honeycomb sandwich structure, an inflatable balanced processing method to reduce the grid effect was proposed. By using the control variable method to design test, the changes of grid effect under normal processing and inflatable balanced processing were compared. The experimental results show that when the mirror surface precision RMS reached more than 1/10λ (λ=632.8 nm), there is an obvious grid effect in the normal processing without inflation, but not in the inflatable balanced processing. It could be seen that inflating the inside of the mirror could effectively balance the processing pressure and make the deformation of the reinforced area and the non-reinforced area tend to be the same during processing, so as to effectively reduce the grid effect.

    • 反射主镜是空间光学系统的重要组成部分,随着航天技术的不断发展,为了满足光学系统大视场、宽覆盖、高分辨率的要求[1-3],反射主镜的口径不断扩大[4],轻量化程度越来越高[5],导致光学加工和检测的难度越来越大。计算机控制光学表面成型技术[6-7](Computer Controlled Optical Surfacing, CCOS)因具有加工确定性的特点已经成为大口径反射镜研抛加工过程中的重要工艺环节,被广泛采用。但由于其采用小磨盘,正压力加工,当反射镜轻量化程度高时,加工后反射镜表面容易产生与反射镜支撑结构相关的中高频误差——网格效应[8-9],这种误差很难用主动光学或自适应光学来修正或补偿,从而导致光学系统成像质量的降低[10-11]。此外,网格效应还会导致反射镜后续加工收敛精度低,加工效率慢,因此必须对反射镜加工过程中的网格效应进行控制。

      目前减小网格效应对反射镜面形的影响通常有以下方法[12]:(1) 在反射镜轻量化设计过程中,可以增大反射镜面板厚度或者增加反射镜背部次筋的结构,但这样势必会增加反射镜的重量;(2) 在采用小磨盘的加工过程中,减小加工压力从而减小网格效应,但降低压力同时会降低加工效率;(3) 在轻量化反射镜的刚度薄弱点处设计专用支撑装置,尽可能地使反射镜在抛光过程中受力均匀,该方法适用于背部开口式反射镜。

      对于传统蜂窝夹芯结构的反射镜,因加工过程中网格效应的存在,反射镜的面板厚度、底板厚度、壁厚以及蜂窝尺寸之间彼此关联制约着[13],严重影响反射镜的轻量化设计。ULE蜂窝夹芯反射镜70%的重量均来自面板的重量,而国内设计的ULE反射镜面板厚度一般超过10 mm,为了进一步减小ULE蜂窝夹芯反射镜的面板厚度,降低面密度指标,迫切需要通过工艺手段来解决反射镜加工时的网格效应。文中针对Ø350 mm口径蜂窝夹芯结构的低面密度超轻ULE反射镜,提出了一种充气平衡式减小网格效应的加工方法,在机械手研抛加工过程中,通过对反射镜内部进行充气来抵消机械手研抛加工压力,使反射镜在加工过程中有筋区域和无筋区域的变形趋于一致,进而减小网格效应的产生。

    • 由于反射镜本身结构的关系,有筋区域和无筋区域的刚度不同,在正压力加工过程中,有筋支撑的区域弹性变形小,材料去除量大,而无筋支撑的区域弹性变形大,材料去除量小。当加工结束后,反射镜有筋区域呈下凹现象,无筋区域呈上凸现象,当反射镜的面形精度较高时,就会产生和镜面背部支撑结构相关的变形分布,这种现象被称为“压印效应”,即“网格效应”。

      根据弹性力学理论,反射镜在加工过程中产生的“网格效应”与其结构参数存在下列关系[14-15]

      式中:δ为“网格效应”的最大值;$\varphi $为与形状有关的因子;P为反射镜加工过程中的抛光压力;B为反射镜蜂窝结构的内切圆直径;E为反射镜材料的弹性模量;tf为反射镜面板厚度。

      由公式(1)可知,当反射镜材料确定后,格子效应主要受抛光压力、蜂窝尺寸大小和面板厚度等因素的影响,其中抛光压力越大、蜂窝结构尺寸越大、面板厚度越薄,反射镜在加工过程中产生的格子效应就越明显。为了抑制网格效应的产生,在设计时反射镜的蜂窝结构尺寸和面板厚度就会有一定的限制,同时加工过程中抛光压力也不能选择太大,这些都影响着反射镜的轻量化设计和抛光加工效率。

    • ULE反射镜的具体结构如图1所示,口径为Ø350 mm,高度为60 mm,上下两镜面均为平面,将反射镜上表面定为镜面A,下表面定为镜面B,面板厚度均为4 mm;反射镜内部是六边形蜂窝夹芯结构,蜂窝外接圆直径为150 mm,筋厚度为2 mm,各筋处开Ø20 mm的孔相互连通;反射镜外壁厚3 mm,外壁上开12个Ø20 mm的孔,其中六个孔用于在反射镜内部粘贴应变传感器,另外六个孔用于外接气嘴,整个镜坯质量约为2.4 kg,面密度为25.95 kg/m2。反射镜的材料为ULE,其力学性能如表1所示。

      Figure 1.  Structural diagram of Ø350 mm ULE mirror

      Mechanical property parametersValue
      Modulus of elasticity/GPa67
      Density/t·mm−32.21×10−9
      Poisson's ratio0.17

      Table 1.  Mechanical property parameters of ULE primary mirror

    • HyperMesh是一个高性能的有限元前后处理器,它能让CAE分析工程师在高度交互及可视化的环境下进行仿真分析工作,与其他有限元前后处理器相比,HyperMesh的图形用户界面易于学习,在处理几何模型和有限元网格的效率和质量方面具有很好的速度、适应性和可定制性,故文中采用HyperMesh对其进行有限元分析。

      因该反射镜轻量化程度高,壁很薄,选用二维壳体单元建模,共有41717个节点,42696个单元,反射镜光轴方向为Y轴,如图2所示。正常加工状态下,研抛盘按照加工轨迹对整个镜面进行依次加工,反射镜受力是随着研抛盘的移动不断变化的,属于动态力学分析,在仿真时很难准确模拟,但可以通过静力学仿真进行定性分析,即用反射镜整个镜面均匀受力后的变形来简化模拟加工过程中的网格效应问题,该仿真分析方法简单有效且具有通用性,不受反射镜刚度和背部轻量化等形式的影响。针对该反射镜具体施加的边界条件为:沿–Y方向,给整个镜面施加2000 Pa的压力,同时约束反射镜底面XYZ三个方向的平动和转动。

      Figure 2.  Simulation analysis model of the mirror

      仿真面形结果见图3图3(a)为2000 Pa压力作用下的反射镜的面形,因网格效应主要是带来与反射镜支撑结构相关的中高频误差,故对面形进行滤波,滤掉低频误差后,中高频误差如图3(b)所示,可以看出反射镜中高频误差面形分布与镜面背部的蜂窝结构呈明显的相关形式。

      Figure 3.  (a) Surface precision simulation result under 2000 Pa pressure; (b) Simulation result of Gaussian filtering (Frequency band error greater than 30 mm)

    • 由仿真结果可知,在2 000 Pa的加工压力下,反射镜面形上会出现明显网格效应,而正常加工过程中,加工压力远大于2 000 Pa,将更容易出现网格效应。为了验证充气平衡式加工方法是否可以有效减网格效应的产生,设计了不充气正常加工和充气平衡式两种加工工艺试验,具体加工工艺流程如图4所示。运用机械手进行研抛,A面先加工,当研磨面形精度PV(Peak to Valley)在5 μm以内时进行抛光,当抛光面形精度RMS(Root Mean Square)达到1/10λ时,A面加工结束,对B面进行加工;B面加工时,要保证和A面的机械手加工参数(如轨迹和压力等)完全一样,A、B面加工试验中都选用40 mm的研磨盘和抛光盘,加工压力设置为12 N,加工轨迹为栅格,唯一存在区别的是加工A面时不充气,而加工B面时对反射镜内部进行充气来抵消加工压力。

      Figure 4.  Processing flow

      反射镜外壁留有12个Ø20 mm的孔,其中六个对称分布的孔用于安装气管快插接头,另外六个孔用于在反射镜内部粘贴应变传感器,具体粘贴在A面和B面的面板背面,且粘贴位置方向两个面要一一对应,保证对称性。全部安装粘贴好后,除快插接头外,其余孔位全部进行密封处理,保证反射镜内部良好的气密性。加工A面时,反射镜不用连接气管,反射镜内部不充气;加工B面时,气管接通,通过三个电气比例阀控制所输入的气压大小,具体如图5所示,加工过程中比例阀控制输入的气压为9000 Pa,该值是通过应变传感器获得,即在充气加工状态下,研抛盘走过传感器所在位置的上表面时,应变传感器读数基本为0时,比例阀所显示的气压值。

      Figure 5.  Polishing surface B by manipulator

    • 对反射镜A面和B面的加工结果进行面形检测,因加工边缘效应的影响,反射镜边缘有极大的翘边,取有效口径Ø260 mm的面形检测,结果如图6所示。可以看出,A面的面形图已经出现与反射镜背部支撑结构相关的图形,B面则无明显相关性。对两面形图进行高斯滤波,频段误差大于30 mm的结果如图7所示。可以看出,相比于B面,滤波后A面反射镜的蜂窝结构已经清晰的印在面形上,网格效应十分明显,可见在保证加工参数相同的情况下,当面形精度RMS加工到1/10λ以内时,不充气加工的面形发现有明显的网格效应,而充气加工的网格效应大大改善,可见充气平衡式加工可有效减小网格效应。

      Figure 6.  (a) Surface detection result of surface A; (b) Surface detection result of surface B

      Figure 7.  (a) Gaussian filtering result of surface A; (b) Gaussian filtering result of surface B

      垂直于平面镜支撑筋处,选取两块小区域:区域1和区域2,小区域内A面和B面的面形对比如图8所示。可以看出,在该区域内没有充气加工的面形呈现明显的高低高,有筋处加工量多,无筋处加工量小;而充气加工后,有筋区域和无筋区域的变形趋于一致。

      Figure 8.  Surface precision comparison of surface A and surface B in the area of two support ribs

      对区域1和区域2处的A面、B面面形PV值和RMS值进行分析,结果如表2所示。可以看出,无充气加工时,区域1、区域2内的PV值和RMS值都比较大,而充气加工后,区域1、区域2内的PV值和RMS值相比于未充气可降低50%以上,可见通过充气平衡法加工反射镜有助于减少中高频误差的产生,加快收敛效率。

      Surface ASurface BThe reduction rate
      PV of area 1/nm182.950.772.3%
      RMS of area 1/nm41.313.268.5%
      PV of area 2/nm133.959.355.7%
      RMS of area 2/nm38.710.373.4%

      Table 2.  Analysis of PV and RMS values of surface shape at support ribs

    • 文中针对Ø350 mm口径蜂窝夹芯结构的超轻ULE反射镜,提出了一种充气平衡式减小网格效应的加工方法:在加工过程中对反射镜内部进行充气来抵消加工压力,从而使反射镜在加工过程中有筋区域和无筋区域的变形趋于一致。运用控制变量法,通过实验比对了正常加工和充气平衡式两种研抛状态下网格效应的变化。实验结果表明:当反射镜面形精度RMS达到1/10λ以上时,正常加工的面形图存在明显的网格效应,而充气加工网格效应大大改善,可见充气平衡式加工方法可有效减小网格效应。

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